1、2012届高考一轮复习语法专项十四：名词（一）考纲要求名词应掌握以下内容：分清名词的可数性与不可数性；可数名词有单复数，有些名词只有复数；物质名词、抽象名词不可数但可以具体量化使用；名词所有格和of格的语言现象；名词直接作定语；国家名词的正确使用；名词词义的区分和搭配；单位名词的搭配；名词前的修饰语so, as, quite等；time及常考点。（二）命题导向名词的“可数”与“不可数”是高考命题的热点之一。不可数名词前不能与不定冠词连用，之后不能加-s。有些抽象名词却有复数形式，但意义与原来词不同。有些可数名词复数有两个意思，一个与单数意义相同，另一个和单数含义不同，高考中这些含义很可能成为考
2、查的内容。词语的固定搭配及名词作定语也是高考命题的注意点。（三）知识概要英语的名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。专有名词是指个人、团体、地方、机构或事物等所专有的名称，它的第一个字母必须大写。如：Einstain, Beijing, Asia等。普通名词是指一类人、一类事物、某种物质抽象概念的名称，可分为：个体名词（可数，如：worker, father, book, tree, school等）；集体名词（可数，如：people, family, class, team等）；物质名词（不可数，如：iron, paper, snow, water, chalk, gold等）；抽象名词（不可数
3、，如：life, thought, idea, strength等）。注意：可数、不可数是英文名词和中文名词的一个重要差异即学习的重点。而很多英语名词具有双重性。即，名词的类别不是固定不变的，它们会根据词义的变化和场合的不同而相互转换，其名词类别的转换可归纳如下：1、个体名词转抽象名词或抽象名词转个体名词e.g. Our school is not far from my home.（个体）我们学校离我家不远。School is over at six.（抽象）六点钟放学。2、物质名词转个体名词或个体名词转物质名词e.g. He broke a piece of glass.（物质）他打破了一
4、块玻璃。He broke a glass.（个体）他打破了一个杯子。3、个体名词转专有名词 e.g. His father is a teacher.（个体）他父亲是个教师。“What are you doing there?” Father asked.（专有）“你在那儿干什么？”父亲问道。（四）名词的数名词分为可数（有单、复数形式）和不可数名词（只有单数形式）。1、可数名词单数变复数： 一般加s ：lesson lessons, pen pens 以s, x, ss, ch, sh, o结尾的加es ：buses, boxes, classes, watches, brushes, her
5、o heroes但有些以o结尾的名词，是加s构成复数：kilo kilos, piano pianos, radio radios, photo photos, zoo zoos 以辅音字母 + y 结尾的改y为i，再加es ：city cities, story stories 以f 或fe结尾的，一般将f或fe改为v，再加es ：knife knives, leaf leaves但有些以f 结尾的名词，是在f后加s，构成复数形式：belief beliefs, roof roofs, safe（保险箱） safes, proof（证据） proofs, chief chiefs, hand
6、kerchief handkerchiefs2、有些名词，不按上述规则构成其复数形式，有以下几种情况： 单复数形式相同：Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep 不规则变化：man men, woman women, goose geese, foot feet, tooth teeth, child children, mouse mice, ox oxen 。但是，German Germans 复合名词的复数形式：editor-in-chief editors-in-chief, daughter-in-law daughters-in-law, grown-up gr
7、own-ups, woman teacher women teachers, man driver men drivers3、注意以下几个名词单复数问题 物质名词一般不用复数形式,但有些物质名词要用复数形式来表示不同的类别,如：fishes各种鱼，fruits各种水果，steels各种钢材。 物质名词表示数量时，一般用表示数量的短语来表示。如：a cup of tea, three bags of apples, four pieces of bread。 有些抽象名词的复数形式表示不同的含义。如：work（工作） works（著作），arm（手臂） arms（军火），glass（玻璃） gl
8、asses（眼镜），cloth（布） clothes（衣服）。 定冠词加上姓氏的复数形式，表示全家人或夫妇二人；姓氏的复数形式前不加冠词，则表示若干个姓的人。如：the Wangs王家，three Wangs三个姓王的。 只用作单数的复数形式的名词。如：physics, mathematics, news, the United States 有些名词形似单数，但实为复数。如：police, people, cattle 有些名词如被看作整体时就作单数用，如被看作组成该集体的各个成员时就作复数用。如：class, family, couple, audience, government, pu
9、blic 有些抽象名词在具体化时，可以复数形式出现。表示特指时，可和定冠词连用；表示“某种”或“一次”意义时，可和不定冠词连用。如：How did you smooth away the difficulties?（指各种具体困难）；It is a great pleasure to talk with you.；What a surprise!（五）名词的所有格名词的所有格在句中表示所有关系，作定语用。1、有生命名词的所有格一般在词尾加上“”或“s”。如：Toms bike, Engless (Engles) works, a works school, Womens Day, the ed
10、itor-in-chiefs office2、如果一个事物为两个人所有，只在后一个名词的词尾加“s”，如果不是共有，就要在两个名词的词尾都加上“s”。如：Tom and Mikes room.（共有），Toms and Mikes books.（不共有）。3、表示时间、距离、国家、城市的无生命名词，可以在词尾加“s”或“”表示所有格，如：todays papers, ten minutes walk4、表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格之后省去shop, house, home。如：the tailors5、无生命名词的所在格通常用of短语来表示。如：the window of the ro
11、om6、表示有生命的名词有时也可用of短语来表示所有关系，而且当该名词带有较长的定语时。如：the teachers of the No. 1 Middle School.7、双重所有格结构前的被修饰名词通常指整体中的部分或一个，双重所有格只能用于有生命的名词，这个名词是确定的。被修饰名词前有不定冠词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词或数词等限定词时，一般只能用双重所有格。如：an old friend of my uncles, a daughter of Mrs Greens, the house of one of my friends（六）名词的普通格作定语表材料、地点、用途、性质、泛指时
12、间、整体等普通名词可以作定语，一般用单数形式。e.g. stone figures（石像）；paper money（纸币）；country music（乡村音乐）；table cloth（桌布）；river bank（河岸）；school gate（校门口）；book stores（书店）；traffic lights（交通灯）；summer holidays（暑假）；evening dress（晚礼服）。但在个别情况下，也有需用复数的。e.g. sports meet（运动会）；the United States government（美国政府）；students reading-room（
13、学生阅览室）；goods train（货车）；two men doctors（两个男医生）。练习、名词1. The _ of the room were covered with _.A. roofs, leafsB. roofs, leavesC. rooves, leafsD. rooves, leaves2. There are three _ in our factory.A. woman doctorsB. women doctorsC. woman doctorD. women doctor3. Which do you prefer _ or _?A. potatos, toma
14、tosB. potatos, tomatoesC. potatoes, tomatosD. potatoes, tomatoes4. They are _ of different presses(出版社). Now they are having a meeting in one of the _ office.A. editor-in-chiefs, editors-in-chiefsB. editors-in-chief, editor-in-chiefsC. editors-in-chiefs, editors-in-chiefsD. editors-in-chief, editors
15、-in-chiefs5. The ant has two _.A. stomachesB. stomacksC. stomachD. stomachs6. He doesnt like _ for supper.A. chickB. chickenC. chickensD. chicks7. It was _ hot weather that many of us went swimming.A. soB. suchC. so asD. such a8. _ wonderful space they saw on the room!A. HowB. How aC. WhatD. What a9
16、. We know _ travels not so fast as light.A. soundB. soundsC. the soundsD. a sound10. My family raise a lot of _, including two _.A. cattle, cowsB. cows, cattleC. cattles, cowsD. cow, cattles11. A number of soldiers _ at he camp gate（军营门口）.A. have gatheredB. has gatheredC. isD. was12. The Browns have
17、 spent a large _ of money on their new car.A. dealB. amountC. numberD. size13. _ work has been done to improve the peoples living standard.A. ManyB. A great manyC. A great deal ofD. A number of14. Mr Li shook _ warmly with a friend.A. handB. a handC. handsD. the hands15. Two _, please.A. coffeeB. co
18、ffeesC. cup of coffeeD. cups coffee16. I cant pay as _ as he asked for.A. high price aB. high priceC. a high priceD. high a price17. _ knowledge of space develops rapidly.A. MansB. Mens C. MensD. Persons18.I stayed at _.A. Xiao WangsB. Wangs home C. the Wangs D. home of Wang19. Sister Carrie works i
19、n a _ factory.A. shoesB. shosesC. shoe D. shoes20. Have you ever read _?A. today newspaperB. newspaper todayC. newspaper of todayD. todays newspaper21. Two _ walk didnt made me tired.A. hourB. hoursC. hoursD. hours22. The mother over there is _ mother.A. Julia and MaryB. Julia and MarysC. Julias and
20、 MarysD. Julias and Mary23. Li Mings handwriting is better than _ in the class.A. anyonesB. anyone elseC. anyones elsesD. anyone elses24. The children are playing _ on the _.A. sand, sandB. sands, sandsC. sand, sandsD. sands, sand25. If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller _.A. setB. oneC. copy
21、D. pair26. Tom usually takes a _ in bus on rainy days.A. walkB. rideC. tripD. travel27. We have no _ about where she has gone.A. informationB. newsC. messageD. flash28. Food and _ are daily necessities（需要）for the people.A. clothB. clotheC. clothesD. Clothing29. My _ of hearing is not so good as it u
22、sed to be.A. strength B. sense C. powerD. skill30. The _ caused by carelessness _ yesterday. Many workers were killed.A. incident, was happenedB. matter, happenedC. event, was taken placeD. accident, took place31. The room was so quiet that she could hear the _ of her heart.A. beatingB. waysC. knock
23、ingD. striking32. _ has been told not to throw waste things anywhere.A. The publicB. PeopleC. WomenD. Man33. He was an _ in the government _.A. office, officialB. official, officeC. officer, officeD. official, officer34. There are several _ in this novel who are different in _.A. character, characte
24、rB. characters, charactersC. character, charactersD. characters, character35. We visited him _ when he was in hospital.A. every other daysB. each other dayC. every other dayD. every two day36. My friend will return in _.A. one day or twoB. a day or twoC. one day or twoD. a or two days37. _ is always
25、 difficult for me.A. TranslationB. TranslateC. The translationD. A translation38. _ of this novel is excellent, quite to my surprise.A. TranslationB. TranslateC. The translationD. A translation39. The police _ looking into the matter now.A. beB. isC. areD. are going to40. The Chinese are _ brave and
26、 hard working people.A. the B. aC. /D. one41. No news _ good news.A. isB. areC. haveD. has42. Maths still _ very difficult for me, though I have done my best.A. looksB. seemsC. isD. are43. “Where _ my trousers?” the boy asked.A. isB. wasC. were D. are44. How happy they are! Obviously, they are _.A.
27、in nice spiritsB. in nice spiritC. in high spiritsD. in high spirit45. I saw many _ seated in the corner reading something.A. JapaneseB. JapanesesC. of JapaneseD. of Japaneses46. Father went to his doctor for _ about his heart trouble.A. an adviceB. adviceC. advicesD. the advices47. We are _ and the
28、y are _.A. Englishmen, GermansB. Englishmen, GermanC. Englishmans, GermansD. Englishmen, Germen48. _ are made of _.A. A glass, a glassB. Glasses, glassC. The glass, the glassD. Glasses, glasses49. Ill have to buy _ trousers.A. aB. two C. a pair of D. a couple of50. There are two _ in our class.A. Li
29、uB. LiusC. LiusD. Lius51. _ is needed in cold countries.A. A lot of clothesB. Much clothingC. Many a clothD. Lots of clothes52. They are _.A. mathematics studentB. mathematic studentsC. students in mathematicsD. mathematics students53. The laboratory assistant recorded the _ reactions（反应）.A. mousesB. miceC. micesD. mices54. This letter was sent by _.A. my father friendB. my father friendsC. a friend of my fathersD. a friend of my father55. Ten years had passed. I found she
