1、虚拟语气与各种句型虚拟语气与各种句型一、I wish句型中的虚拟语气 I wish后面的宾语从句，表示不可能实现的愿望。其动词形式有三种：1. 动词用过去式，表示与现在事实相反的一种愿望。2. 动词用过去完成式，表示与过去事实相反的愿望。 3. 动词用would/should +动词原形，表示与将来事实很可能相反或不可能实现的愿望。如： I wish I were a doctor. 我希望我是一名医生。 I wish you hadnt given him my telephone number. 我真希望你没把我的电话号码给他。 I wish youd come back before C
2、hristmas. 我多么希望你在圣诞节之前回来。 典型考例How I wish every family_a large house with a beautiful garden!(NMET02上海春) A. has B. had C. will have D. had had 二、If only句型中的虚拟语气 If only引导的句子表示“但愿”，“要是就好了”。其用法和I wish的句型基本相同，只是更具感情色彩。在If only句型中，动词用过去式，表示一种意愿或假设；动词用过去完成式，表示希望出现和过去事实相反的情况；动词用would +动词原形，表示一时很难实现的愿望。如： I
3、f only I had more time to think about it! 但愿我有更多的时间去考虑它。 If only the explosion had not happened! 爆炸要是没有发生就好了。 If only he had not eaten so much sugar! 要是他不吃那么多糖就好了。 典型考例1If only he_quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now. (NMET2000上海) A. lies B. lay C. had lain D. should lie
4、 典型考例2 Look at the trouble I am in! If only I_your advice. （NMET03 上海） A. followed B. would follow C. had followed D. should follow 三、“Its (high) time that”句型中的虚拟语气 “Its time that.”句型表示“该是的时候了”，谓语动词用一般过去式，有时为了强调，在time之前加high一词，表示“早该是的时候了”。如： Its time somebody taught you how to behave yourself. 该有人教你
5、如何接人待物了。 Its midnight; its (high) time we went bed. 半夜了，我们该睡觉了。 Its (high) time that we did something to stop pollution. 到了我们采取行动制止污染的时候了。 四、would rather /sooner句型中的虚拟语气 would rather/sooner句型表示“宁愿”，谓语动词用一般过去式表示尚未发生的动作；用过去完成时表示对已经发生的动作的某种愿望。如： I would rather you came tomorrow. 我宁愿你明天来。 I would rather
6、 he hadnt been so rude in the past. 我但愿他不曾那么粗鲁。 五、so that / in order that.句型中的虚拟语气 在so that / in order that.引导的目的状态从句中常用should/ might/could +动词原形表示虚拟语气。如： She spoke loudly so that everyone could hear her. 她大声说话为了能让每个人听到。 They went to the seaside in order that they could enjoy their vacation together
7、.他们去了海边为了能享受一起度假的乐趣。 六、as if / though 句型中的虚拟语气 在as if/though引导的方式状语从句中，谓语动词用过去式表示和现在事实相反或有所怀疑；用过去完成式表示对过去事实的假设。但是，如是表示的情况是真实的或实现的可能性很大时，句中的谓语动词用陈述语气。如： He is running about as if he were mad. 他跑来跑去像疯了似的。 He appeared as if he had known nothing about it. 他看上去似乎对此一无所知。 It looks as if it is going to rain
8、. 看起来天要下雨了。 He talks as if he is drunk. 他说起话来好像醉了。 典型考例When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it_.(NMET95) A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken 七、in case/for fear句型中的虚拟语气 in case表示“以防万一”，for fear表示“唯恐，免得”，由它们引出的句型中，通常用“should +动词原形”构成。如: Take some money with
9、 you in case you should need it. 随身带点钱，以防万一。 He put his overcoat over him for fear （that） he should catch cold. 他披上大衣，怕感冒。 He is working hard for fear （that） he should fall behind. 他努力工作生怕落在人后。 八、but that句型中的虚拟语气 but that表示“要不是”，由would/should+动词原形构成谓语。如： But that he saw it (If he hadnt seen it ), he
10、 wouldnt have believed it. 要不是亲眼所见，他真不敢相信。 But that he helps (If he didnt help), I should fail. 要不是他帮忙，我肯定不及格。九、错综时间条件句中的虚拟语气有时虚拟条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作发生的时间不一致，遇到这种情况，就要根据不同的时间概念，适当调整主句和从句的动词。如： If we had set out earlier, we wouldnt be walking in the rain.如果我们早点动身，现在就不会在雨中行走了。 If I were you, I wouldnt ha
11、ve watched TV last night.假如我是你的话，我昨晚就不会看电视了。 If the doctor hadnt come, the patient would be dead by now. 要是大夫不来的话，病人现在就会死了。 典型考例 It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I_in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my home-town (NMET02上海) A. wouldnt have fallen
12、B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall 十、“If it were not for.”句型中的虚拟语气 “If it were not for.”句型意为“如果没有”，“要不是”，用“should/would +动词原形”表示同现在事实相反的虚拟语气；“If it had not been for.”句型意为“如果当时没有”，谓语动词用“would +完成式”，表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。如： If it were not for the rain, the crops should / would die. 如果没有雨，庄稼就会死了
13、。 If it had not been for your timely help， I would have failed.如果当时没有你及时的帮助，我会失败的。 十一、含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气 在英语虚拟语气中，有时表示假设的虚拟条件不一定都有明显的虚拟条件从句，而是利用某些词、短语或通过上下文表现出来。常用的词或短语有：with, without, but for, otherwise, or, but等。如： Without air, there would be no living things. 没有空气便没有生物。 But for their help， we couldnt ge
14、t over the difficulties.要是没有他们的帮助，我们是克服不了这些困难的。 He is not a careful driver, otherwise he wouldnt have had that accident.他不是个细心的司机，不然的话他不会出那个事故。 He would have given you more help, but he was so busy.他本会给你更多的帮助，但是他那时太忙了。 典型考例1 Yesterday Jane walked away from the discussion. Other-wise， she_something s
15、he would regret later. （NMET96上海） A. had said B. said C. might say D. might have said 典型考例2 Without the air to hold some of the suns heat, the earth at night_, too cold for us to live.（NMET97 上海） A. would be freezing cold B. will be freezing coldly C. would be frozen cold D. can freeze coldly 十二、独立主
16、格结构中的虚拟语气在独立主格结构中也经常用虚拟语气，表示一种遗憾。如： Everything taken into consideration, they would have raised their output quickly.要是考虑周密的话，他们会很快提高产量的。 All things considered, the price would be reasonable. 如果全面考虑，价格可能是合理的。 十三、倒装句中的虚拟语气 如果条件从句中含有were, had, should或could,可以省略连词if,把这些词放在主句之前构成倒装句。如： Were I you, I wou
17、ld do more practice after class. 假如我是你的话，我课后就多做练习。 Had you invited us, we should have come to your party.要是你邀请我们的话，我们就会来参加你的聚会。 十四、公式化的句型中的虚拟语气在一些公式化的句型中的虚拟语气是由动词原形（不和主语保持人称、时态和数的一致）或may +主语+动词原形（经常倒装）构成，表示一种祝愿。如： Long live the friendship between us！ 愿我们的友谊常青！ May God be with you！ 愿上帝与你同在！ May you s
18、ucceed！ 祝你成功！ （注：本文中下划线选项为答案。） 练一练：1. He is talking so much about America as if he_there.A. had been B. has been C. was D. has gone2. Our former maths teacher moved to Beijing last year, otherwise, he_us.A. would still have taught B. would still be teachingC. will still teach D. should still teach3.
19、 Had you listened to the doctor, you_all right now.A. are B. were C. would be D. would have been4. If it were not for the fact that you_ill, I would ask you to do this right now.A. were B. had been C. are D. should be5._your letter, I would have written back two days ago.A. If I received B. Should I
20、 receivedC. Had I received D. If I could have received 答案: 1. A2. B3. C4. C5. C情态动词句型(高中英语复习)情态动词和不带to的动词构成谓语，有多种句型，是中学阶段语法要点。现将主要的由情态动词构成的句型归纳如下。1. must be / can not be：“must be”句型表示对现在状态的肯定推测，而“can not be”句型则是它的反义句型，表示对现在状态的否定推测。例如：She cant be forty. She must be fifty.（她不可能四十岁，她肯定是五十岁。）He cant be
21、ill. He must be tired.（他不可能病了，他肯定是累了。）He must be an engineer. He cant be a doctor.（他肯定是位工程师，他不可能是医生。）It must be Wednesday today. It cant be Tuesday.（今天肯定是星期三，不可能是星期二。）It must be your tie. It cant be mine.（这肯定是你的领带，不可能是我的领带。）2. must be doing / can not be doing：“must be doing”句型表示对现在正在发生的动作的肯定推测，而“can
22、 not be doing”句型则是它的反义句型，表示对现在正在发生的动作否定推测。例如：He must be sleeping. He cannot be reading.（他现在肯定在睡觉，他不可能在看书。）They cant be listening to the radio. They must be watching television.（他们不可能正在听收音机，他们肯定正在看电视。）She cant be typing. She must be playing the piano.（她不可能正在打字，她肯定正在弹钢琴。）We must be driving at 50 miles
23、 an hour. We cant be driving at 60 miles an hour.（我们的车速现在肯定是每小时50英里，不可能是每小时60英里。）He must be joking. He cant be serious.（他肯定在开玩笑，而不可能是认真的。）3. must have done：表示对过去的肯定的逻辑推测，推定某件事情、动作或状态可能在过去发生过（存在过）。He must have been a doctor, for he knows medicine so well.（他过去肯定是一位医生，他对医学如此了解。）Somebody must have stole
24、n the ring.（肯定有人偷了这枚戒指。）该句所推断的偷窃动作发生在过去。The temperature must have dropped to below zero last night ,because the water is frozen all over.（昨夜的温度肯定降到零度以下，因为水都冻住了。）如果must + have + 过去分词句型与by now连用，还可以表示对现在完成的动作和状态的肯定推测，但实质上还是指所推测的过去的动作，例如：They started early this morning; they must have arrived by now.（他
25、们今晨很早就出发了，现在肯定已经到了。）中国学生的常见病句是：They; they certainly have arrived.病句的句义是“他们当然已经到达了。”（这不是对过去的肯定推测，而是断定动作已经完成。）4. can (could) not have done：表示对过去的动作或状态的否定推测，这是句型的反义句型。They cant have lost the way. Theyve been to the zoo before.（他们不可能迷了路，因为他们以前去过动物园。）He cant have been ill yesterday. He must have been tir
26、ed.（他昨天不可能病了，他肯定是累了。）You cant have left your purse in the glass cabinet. You must have mislaid it somewhere else.（你不可能把你的钱包放在玻璃柜里，你肯定把它错放在别的地方了。）It cant have been Wednesday the day before yesterday.（前天不可能是星期三。）句型和句型常常连用，例如：Two hours ago two visitors came to see you. They must have been American. The
27、y cant have been Russian.（二小时以前有两位来客要见你，他们肯定是美国人，而不可能是俄国人。）You must have mailed the letter. You cant have lost it.（你肯定已经把信寄了，而不可能把信丢了。）5. can / could have done：主要用于疑问句和感叹句中，could比can词义婉转，表示过去/现在完成的一种可能性推测。（注意：不一定肯定，有时还带有很大程度的否定推测。）Where can /could she have gone?（她会去了哪里？）How could he have forgotten m
28、e?（他怎么会忘记我？）句外之言：他不太可能会忘记我。How can /could he have done such a foolish thing?（他怎么会干出这种蠢事？）注意，如果把上句的标点改为感叹号，意思大变，即：他怎么会干出这种蠢事！（表示气愤、谴责）could have done用于肯定句中表示过去有此能力，然而事实上并没有干，例如：He could have won the big prize, but he gave up the chance.（他本来可以赢此大奖，但是他却放弃了机会。）You could have done your work better.（你本来可以
29、把工作干得更好。）这句话带有指责语气6. must have been doing：表示对过去进行或者过去完成进行的肯定推测。但是确切的时间概念却很难分清，因为过去进行的时间概念也包涵在过去完成进行的时间概念里。At four oclock this afternoon you must have been watering the flowers in the garden.（今日下午四点钟，你肯定正在花园里给花浇水。）这是对过去进行的肯定推测You must have been driving at seventy miles an hour when that policeman wav
30、ed to you.（那位警察向你挥手示意时，你肯定在以每小时70英里的速度开车。）I must have been dreaming when the teacher called me.（老师叫我时，我的思想肯定在走神。）She didnt hear the telephone. She must have been sleeping.（她没有听见电话响，她肯定在睡觉。）7. can not have been doing：这是句型的反义句型，表示对过去进行或者过去完成进行的否定推测。I can not have been watching TV at seven oclock yesterday evening. I was attending evening school.（昨
