1、南华大学外国语学院学期论文学期论文 题 目 The Influence Of Loan Words On English Vocabulary 外来语对英语词汇的影响 学院名称 外国语学院 指导教师 职 称 讲师 班 级 10级英语02班 学 号 学生姓名 2011年5月 24日 - i -Abstract English has become an international language because of its simplicity and richness. Its tolerance and flexibility make it a substantial absorpti
2、on of loan words, and thus has great vitality. Loan words have greatly enriched the English language, which makes the English expressions more vivid and appropriate. As a result, it occupies a pivotal position in English. This article intends to analyze the influence of loan words on English vocabul
3、ary from the origins and types of the loan words in English.Key words: loan words; origin; type; vocabulary; influence 摘要英语因它的简单和丰富已经成了一门国际化的语言。它的宽容和灵活性, 使它大量吸收外来词汇, 从而具有了顽强的生命力。外来词汇极大地丰富了英语, 使英语表达起来更加生动和贴切, 因此，在英语中占据着举足轻重的地位, 本文拟从外来语的来源和类型来分析外来语对英语词汇的影响。关键词：外来语；来源；类型；词汇；影响 Contents 1. Introduction.
4、1- ii -2. The Origin of Loan Words in English.11.1 The loan words from Latin.11.2 The loan words from Greece.11.3 The loan words from French.21.4 The loan words from Chinese.31.5 The loan words from Japanese.33. The Main Types of Loan Words in English.44. The Influence of Loan Words on English Vocab
5、ulary.44.1 The influence of Latin loan words.44.2 The influence of Greek loan words.54.3 The influence of French loan words.54.4 The influence of Chinese loan words.64.5 The influence of Japanese loan words.65 Conclusion.6Bibliography.7南华大学外国语学院学期论文1. IntroductionBecause of political, economic and c
6、ultural exchanges as well as military, technological and other factors, a national language into another nation, result in the loan words. Today the worlds main language, without exception, have loan words component, which is one of the language development process, it can be said that no one langua
7、ge is a purely national character (马学良, 1997). Borrowed from one language to another languages content, its main purpose seems to be twofold: (1) to expand and absorb new content and the meaning of the concept that not in the original language; (2) to reflect the contents of the new things more accu
8、rately, vividly and visually. Any language has the loan words exist, and the number of loan words, especially in English, as many as this is a rare phenomenon in the world language. According to the Oxford Dictionary, as the international language, English totally has more than 100 million entries,
9、in which loan words are over 50 million, loan words made up almost half the English. Shows that the loan words in English have a pivotal position, they have a great impact on English vocabulary, mastering the loan words has great help in learning English.（曾传生，1997） 2. The Origin of Loan Words in Eng
10、lish2.1 The loan words from Latin Latin loan words were absorbed the English vocabulary at different times. Before the Anglo-Saxon invaded to England, Latin had been worked in English vocabulary. AD 597 Roman Catholicism was brought to Britain (於奇, 1999), Latin had more profound impact to English an
11、d become the largest component of English foreign language (Thomas Pyles, 1971). These words are mainly religious, family life, food, trade and military activities vocabulary. Most of these early loan words have disappeared, surviving words are: disciple (one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus), hymn,
12、martyr, nun, and after deformation, such as: ancor (anchor), flasce (flask), and so on.2.2 The loan words from GreeceBecause Greek culture as early as the Roman culture, many Greek words were borrowed into Latin, the same as English vocabulary. Among them, mostly are Technology terminology and Medic
13、al terminology. Such as: cardiology, hepatitis, heliosis, heliotherapy, stethoscope, and so on. People is not only borrow Greek word from Greek directly, but also more is borrowed the Greek word prefix and suffix. Because a few dozen words can often be derived from one prefix or suffix (方梦之, 2004).
14、At present, the Greek prefix with borrowed English words constitute a kind of new concept, expression is common.(1) Common borrowed from the Greek prefix are: anti-, geo-, hydro-, micro-, poly-, psycho-, tele-, auto-, holo-, homo-, etc. (2) Commonly derived from the Greek suffix are: -gy, -meter, -g
15、raph, -phone, -scope, etc (Thomas Pyles, 1971).2.3 The loan words from FrenchBritain and France in the geographically are separated by only English Channel. Since ancient times, close contacts between the countries and begin to introduce France (於奇, 1999). In medieval English period, about more than
16、 10,000 France words were introduced to English directly, in which 75% are still used). For instance, (1) The loan words relevant of government and administrative management: govern, government, empire, authority, court, parliament, tax, etc. (2) About laws and religious aspects of loan words: judge
17、, crime, justice, sentence, verdict, suit, punishment, clergy, prayer, religion, virgin, etc. (3) About the military and the daily life of the cloth aspects of loan words: battle, navy, garrison, fashion, etc. In 1066, (於奇, 1999) the Norman invasion was brought a lot of French words to English. Fren
18、ch foreign words used only in the aristocratic class in that time. Some gentle words such as: chair, dinner, feast comes from the French vocabulary, and expression of primitive life words such as: stool, breakfast is from the English vocabulary. When we express animals use the English native languag
19、e, such as: pig, sheep, ox, calf, deer, but in the table is using of noble words by French such as: pork, mutton, beef, veal, venison. Many affixes from French into English are all knew well by us. Prefixes are: de-, dis-, in-, inter-, pre-, pro- and so on. Suffixes are: -ious, -tion, -able, -ment a
20、nd so on (方梦之, 2004). In addition, there are quite a number of examples that the words is consisting of borrowing root plus a native suffix: dukedom, noblest, powerful, preacher, falsehood, preaching, colorless, princely, faintness, courtship, quarrelsome, costwise (Thomas Pyles, 1971).2.4 The loan
21、words from ChineseChinese history cultural source far flows long, is admired and respected by world. In the modern, because of the development of the national strength and the elevation of international influence, more and more of Chinese language vocabulary also cited into English, and most of all
22、have relation with food and Chinese excellent traditional culture, such as: (1) The most is food vocabulary: tea (Transliteration South Fukien dialect), oolong (black Long Cha), souchong (small kind of hair point), chowmien (stir-fry noodles), maotai (Mao set), saimien (thin side), tofu (bean curd),
23、 ketchup (seasoning ketchup), jiaoze (dumpling), wontan (wontan), boisin (boisin), and so on. (2) The fruit vocabulary: The mango (mango), litchi (litchi), gingko (silver almond), bok choy (cabbage), longan (Long Yan), ginseng (ginseng), and so on.(3) Handicraft article vocabulary: China (china), si
24、lk (silk), Canton ware (GuangDong porcelain), Chien ware (Sung porcelain), and so on.(4) Folk cultural of vocabulary: The yanko (harvest song), mahjong (mahjong), weichi (go game), Pingju (review a play), Yueju (Honan opera), Erhuang (two Huangs), dan (Dan), sheng (living), chou (is ugly), yin-yang
25、(ying and yang), zhen-jiu (the needle burns), Confucius (Confucius), Laotzu (Lao Tze), and so on.(5) Other category vocabularies: Cheongsam (ensign tunic), kongfu (effort), the tai chi chuan (Taichi), typhoon (stage manners), kang (anti-), the lama (Lama monk), typhoon (violent typhoon), Microphone
26、(microphone), Disco (a name of city), Penicillin (a name of city), clone (clone), kowtow (kowtow), kang (kang), lama (lama), and so on (Thomas Pyles, 1971). 2.5 The loan words from JapaneseSome Japanese words are also absorbed to English. Such as: (1) About bite and sup vocabulary: fugu, nori, ramen
27、, shabu-shabu, tamari, teppan-yaki, wakame, sashimi (sashimi), and so on. (2) About fashionable culture vocabulary: anime, karaoke (the card pulls ok), manga, tamagotchi, and so on. (3) About economy vocabulary: kaizen, kanban, karoshi, keiretssu, salaryman, zaitech, and so on. (4) Other category vo
28、cabularies: karate (empty hand way), tsunami (tidal wave), judo (judo), tycoon (tycoon, big style of), zaibatsu (financial magnate), kimino (kimino), tatami (fall a rice-Japanese to spread in the rice straw mat of room hinterland plank), harakiki (Pou stomach suicide), geisha (skill Ji), and so on.
29、3. The Main Types of Loan Words in EnglishAccording to the change of loan words, loan words can be divided into four types:(1) Denizens: The words have been assimilated in English words which borrowed from the foreign language early. Such as: “port” comes from “protus” (Latin), “cup” comes from “cup
30、pa” (Latin), “shift” comes from “skipta”, “shirt” comes from “shyrta”, “change” comes from “changier” (French), “pork” comes from “pore” (French), and so on. (2) Aliens: The words still retains the original pronunciation and spelling. Such as: wushu (Chinese), kuaiban (Chinese), chauffeur (French), dcor (French), blitzkrieg, kowtow (Chinese), bazaar, statusquo (Latin), intermezzo, emir, and so on. (3) Translation-loans: Use the native language words, and word formation patterns modeled the foreign language (方梦之, 2004). They can be
