1、目录311地理1.insular adj.海岛的island n.岛，岛屿，岛状物(孤立状态的物)，安全岛【例】 coral island n.珊瑚岛；continental island 陆边岛；peninsula n.半岛；islet n.小岛marine adj.海的(marine);海上的；近海的【例】 Human beings are natural enemies of marine mammals.2.maritime adj.海的(marine, oceanic);海上的；近海的3.moist adj.湿润的，多雨的(damp, humid)4.ledge n.暗礁5.oasi
2、s n.(沙漠中的)绿洲【例】 The travelers were saved when they finally found an oasis.6.tide n.潮汐7.ebb vi.退潮【例】 The water washed up on the shore, then slowly ebbed away.8.continent n.大陆9.terrestrial adj.领土的【例】 terrestrial heat 地面干扰；terrestrial magnetism 地磁，地磁学outskirt n.外边，郊区(surrounding)region n.地区，领域(zone, ar
3、ea, field, domain)endemic adj.地方的(native)【例】 This disease is endemic to the southerners, and will not spread in the cold north.cosmopolitan adj.全世界的(global)【例】 The farmer was unused to the cosmopolitan ways of life in a large city.10.subterrane n.地下(underground)subterranean adj.地下的11.cavern n.大山洞，大洞
4、穴【例】 Inside the cavern were the remnants of an ancient fire.12.flaw n.裂隙13cleft n.裂缝(crevice)14.crevice n.裂缝，破口(rift, slit)【例】 The rain came in through a crevice in the cabin wall.gap n.裂口(opening)【例】 Generation gap lies between parents and children.15.zone n.带(region, area)【例】 time zone 时区16.equato
5、r n.赤道【例】 It is warmer near the equator.17.longitude n.经度altitude n.(尤指海拔)高度，高处(海拔甚高的地方)18.latitude n.纬度19.meridian n.子午线，正午20.subsidiary n.支流(branch)【例】 He followed the subsidiary to trace its origin.21.Antarctic adj.南极的，南极地带的Antarctica n.南极洲22.Arctic adj.北极的，北极区的 n.北极，北极圈23.coastland n.沿海岸地区24.hem
6、isphere n.半球25.contour n.轮廓；海岸线(outline, profile)【例】 The artist accentuated the models contours.26.geography n.地理学，地理27.horizon n.地平线28.lowland n.低地，苏格兰低地 adj.低地的29.plain n.平原，草原30.strait n.地峡，海峡31.channel n.海峡，水道，沟32.valley n.(山)谷，流域33.volcano n.火山34.plateau n.高原35.basin n.盆地【例】 The Amazon basin co
7、vers a vast amount of land.navigation n.航海36.ranges n.射程表尺数37.salinity n.盐分，盐度38.sediment n.沉淀物，沉积39.elevation n.高地，正面图，海拔40.formation n.形成，构成41.geothermy 地热42.terrain n.地形43.topography n.地形学44.tropical adj.热带的45.tropics n.(天球的)回归线，热带46.temperate adj.(气候)温和的【例】 temperate latitudes 温带地区地质47.vein n.矿脉
8、48.pit n.坑，地坑(hole)49.pit n.煤矿50.quartz n.石英51.marble n.大理石52.gem n.宝石(jewel, precious stone)53.fieldstone n.(建筑用的)散石，大卵石54.emerald n.祖母绿，翡翠，绿宝石55.wiikite 杂铌矿56.granite n.花岗岩57.lead n.铅58.limestone n.石灰石59.lava n.熔岩，火山岩60.ruby n.红宝石61.bonanza n.富矿带【例】 Winning the lottery was a bonanza for the Browns
9、.62.ore n.矿石63.vein n.静脉，血管(blood vessel)64.sediment n.沉淀物65.fossil n.化石66.petrify vt.变为化石【例】 I was totally petrified with fear.67.aluminum n.铝68.core n.果核，中心，核心69.crater n.弹坑70.diamond n.钻石，菱形71.glacial adj.冰的，冰状的，冰河的，冰河时代的72.glacier n.冰河，冰川73.iceberg n.冰山74.plate n.盘子，金属板，图版，金银餐具75.tremor n.震动，颤动7
10、6.earthquake n.地震77.seism n.地震78.seismic adj.地震的【例】 seismic wave 地震波，海震波，海啸波79.seismology n.地震学80.magnitude n.震级81.cataclysm n.地震，灾难，大洪水82.stratum n.地层83.mantle n.地幔84.lithogenous a.岩层的85.lithosphere n.岩石圈86.layer n.层，阶层87.crust n.地壳；硬外皮(shell)【例】 The crust of the pie was delicious.fault n.断层【例】 fau
11、lt plane 断层面；fault zone 断层magma n.(有机物或矿物的)稀糊，岩浆88.squirt v.喷出(spurt)【例】 Bishop named it Squirt because the drink seemed to “squirt” into your mouth like a freshly squeezed grapefruit.89.erupt vi.爆发(explode, burst out)【例】 We feared that the volcano would erupt again.outburst n.(火山，感情等)爆发，喷出(surge, e
12、xplosion)90.eruption n.爆发，火山灰91.volcanic adj.火山的，像火山的【例】 volcanic island n.火山；volcanic ash n.火山灰；volcanic dust 火山尘动物学1.gregarious adj.群居的【例】 My gregarious sister makes friends wherever she goes.2.swarm n.(蜜蜂、蚂蚁等)群(throng, crowd, horde)3.flock n.羊群，(禽、畜等的)群4.herd n.兽群，牧群5.mammal n.哺乳动物6.carnivore n.食
13、肉动物7.carnivorous adj.食肉类的8.appetite n.食欲9.herbivorous adj.食草的10.omnivorous adj.杂食的，什么都吃的11.predator n.掠夺者，食肉动物12.predatory adj.掠夺的，食肉的13.prey n.被掠食者，牺牲者14.poikilotherm n.变温动物，冷血动物15.rodent n.啮齿动物16.scavenger n.清道夫，食腐动物17.microbe n.微生物，细菌18.reptile n.爬虫动物19.homotherm n.恒温动物20.primate n.灵长类的动物21.prima
14、tes n.灵长类22.mollusk n.软体动物23.coelenterate n.腔肠动物24.vertebrate n.脊椎动物25.invertebrate n.无脊椎动物26.finch n.鸣禽【例】 This kind of birdseed is perfect for all kinds of finches.27.bird n.鸟28.fowl n.鸡；家禽(chicken; poultry)monster n.怪物，巨兽(demon)hordes n.昆虫群insect n.昆虫worm n.虫，蠕虫beast n.兽，畜牲aquatic adj.水的，水上的，水生的，
15、水栖的amphibian adj.两栖类的，水陆两用的migrate vi.(鸟类的)迁徙【例】 Some birds migrate to find warmer weather.graze v.放牧【例】 This field will graze 30 head of cattle.gasp v.气喘，喘息(breathe, gulp)【例】 The terrible scene made me gasp.peck v.啄，啄起(bite, nibble)【例】 Woodpeckers pecked wood for a pest.trot vi./n.(马)小跑，慢跑(jog)【例】
16、The horses trotted along the road.dormant adj.休眠的(inactive)【例】 The dormant volcano has not erupted for two hundred years.offspring n.子孙，后代(descendant)spawn n./v.产卵(generate, produce)pregnant adj.怀孕的，孕育的hatch v.孵出，孵(卵)(incubate, breed, emerge from the egg)【例】 Dont count your chickens before they are
17、hatched.breed v.(使)繁殖，教养，抚养【例】 Many animals breed in the spring.domesticate vt.驯养，教化(tame)【例】 No one has ever been able to domesticate the African elephant.fertilize vt.使受精regeneration n.再生，重建reproduce v.繁殖，再生【例】 Birds reproduce by laying eggs.squeak vi.(老鼠或物体)吱吱【例】 Rats squeak while flies buzz. It
18、is quite a house.chirp vi.喳喳(虫和鸟的叫声)【例】 The injured bird did not move or chirp.hibernate v.冬眠【例】 Polar bear can hibernate for a long time.camouflage v./n.伪装【例】 They camouflaged their hatred with professions of friendship.extinction n.灭绝monogamous adj.单配的，一雌一雄的polyandrous adj.一雌多雄(配合)的nest n.巢，窝niche
19、 n.小生态环境 niche market 小众市场pest n.有害物habitat n.(动植物的)生活环境，产地，栖息地，居留地，自生地，聚集处rhinoceros n.犀牛chimpanzee n.非洲的小人猿，黑猩猩baboon n.狒狒gorilla n.大猩猩lizard n.蜥蜴moth n.蛾，蛀虫canary n.金丝雀，淡黄色caterpillar n.毛虫dinosaur n.恐龙chameleon n.变色龙larva n.幼虫bat n.蝙蝠，球棒family n.科class n.纲suborder n.亚目order n.目genus n.种，类antenna
20、n.触须tentacle n.(动物)触须，触角，(植物)腺毛brain n.脑，头脑【例】 Tom has no brain at calculus.spleen n.脾脏hide n.兽皮(skin)spine n.脊骨(backbone)spineless adj.无脊椎的toe n.脚趾bill n.鸟嘴beak n.鸟嘴，喙fuzzy adj.有绒毛的，绒毛状的(frizzy, downy)head n.头hump n.驼峰scale n.鳞片wing n.翅，翅膀，冀fluffy adj.绒毛的【例】 Newly hatched chickens are like fluffy b
21、alls.carnal adj.肉体的(corporeal)nervous adj.神经的fat n.脂肪，肥肉grease n.动物脂，脂肪greasy adj.多脂的；油脂的(oily)【例】 To keep you fit, keep away from greasy food.turtle n.海龟beaver n.海狸(毛皮)jellyfish n.水母starfish n.海星whale n.鲸porpoise n.海豚，小鲸dolphin n.海豚prawn n.对虾，明虾，大虾shrimp n.小虾lobster n.龙虾sponge n.海绵，海绵体，海绵状物plankton
22、 n.浮游生物oyster n.牡蛎，蚝clam n.蛤coral n.珊瑚，珊瑚虫crab n.螃蟹，类似螃蟹的动物法律1.penal adj.受刑罚的，刑事的2.illicit adj.违法的(unlawful, illegal)3.unruly adj.不守法的(disorderly)illegitimate adj.非法的；私生的(illegal)【例】 A special commission tried to reduce the number of illegitimate births in the country.4.default n.不履行责任(nonfulfilment
23、),缺乏 v.不履行；拖欠【例】 If they cant raise the money to pay the debt, they will have to default.5.violate v.违犯，违背，侵犯(break,offend)【例】 These findings appear to violate the laws of physics.violation n.违犯【例】 If you get one more traffic violation, your drivers license will be revoked.6.infringe v.侵犯(encroach,
24、intrude);违反【例】 Your book infringes on my copy right.7.bound adj.负有义务的【例】 The employees are not bound to keep working at the factory after work.pulsory adj.义务的；必修的(obligatory, mandatory, required)【例】 The use of seat belts is compulsory in many states; failure to wear them may result in fines. / A com
25、position class is compulsory for all college students.9.oblige vt.强迫(force)【例】 I was obliged to finish the work by the end of this week.obligatory adj.义务的；必须的(compulsory, necessary)【例】 Wearing seat belts while driving is obligatory in most states.10.responsible adj.有责任的domineering adj.专权的(tyrannical
26、, dictatorial)【例】 The domineering father made every decision in his childrens lives.mandatory adj.命令的；强制的(obligatory, compulsory)【例】 Many colleges have mandatory foreign language requirement.licensed adj.被许可的(permissive)heirship n.继承权jurisdiction n.司法权arbitration n.调停，仲裁【例】 The matter was sent into
27、arbitration to avoid the costs of a court trial.fine n.罚金【例】 The fine for overtime parking is outrageously high.confiscate vt.没收，充公(seize)【例】 The police confiscated the stolen goods.convict vt.判罪；证明(penalize; prove)【例】 The defendant was convicted of murder.verdict n.判决(decision, judgment)judgment n.
28、判决indemnity n.赔偿imprisonment n.监禁invalidate vt.使作废(nullify)【例】 The making of false statements could result in the invalidation of the contract.imprisonment n.关押captivity n.囚禁，拘留【例】 Zoo animals are kept in captivity.trial n.审判(hearing, inquisition)【例】 The scandal put the president on trial.detain vt.
29、拘留；阻止【例】 Please do not detain me; I am in a hurry.extenuate vt.使(罪过等)显得轻微(diminish, lessen)【例】 “Your money cannot help to extenuate your crime,” said the judge.saddle vt.使负担(burden, load)【例】 The landowner saddled his tenants with heavy taxes.court n.法庭(bar)【例】 I have to go to court today to give evi
30、dence in a trial.bar n.法院(court)authorize vt.授权(empower, permit)【例】 A visa authorizes a person to enter and leave a country.empower vt.授权；使能够【例】 The owner empowered Jane to hire new employees for the store.plea n.恳求(appeal)oath n.誓言；誓约；宣誓(oath, pledge, promise)pledge n.誓言 vt.使发誓(promise, vow)plainti
31、ff n.原告plead v.抗辩；恳求(argue, protest; beg)【例】 “Let me out, please.” The prisoner pleaded to the jail keeper, but in vain.flee v.逃跑，逃离(escape)【例】 When the rain began, we fled for cover.defend vt.辩护【例】 Mary defended her actions when she was accused of cheating.proscribe vt.禁止(ban, forbid, forestall)【例】
