1、南极极圈北回归线南回归线赤道时区日界线极昼极夜洲大陆洋latitudelongitudeNorth PoleSouth PoleArctic CircleTropic of CancerTropic of Capricornequatortime zonedate linepolar daypolar nightcontinentoceansea内陆地理单元区划带地带区域地区小区inlandgeographical unitregionalizationbeltzoneregionareadistrict02 自 然 地 理学自然地理学综合自然地理学普通自然地理学自然综合体地域自然综合体自然地
2、理过程自然生产潜力进展因素残留因素三维地带性水平地带垂直地带地带性physical geographyintegrated physical geographygeneral physical geographynatural complexterritorial natural complexphysical geographic processnatural potential productivityprogressive factorrelic factorthree dimension zonalityhorizontal zonevertical zonezonality非地带性水
3、平地带性垂直地带性地方性坡向阳坡阴坡山体效应综合自然区划雪带亚雪带高山亚高山山地azonalityhorizontal zonalityvertical zonalitylocalityexposureadret, sunny slopeubac, shady slopeMassenerhebungseffekt（德） ,integrated physicogeographicalnival beltsubnival beltalpinesubalpinemountains荒漠荒漠化沙漠岩漠砾漠泥漠盐漠戈壁绿洲景观学景观相自然景观土地desertdesertificationsandy des
4、ertrocky desertgravel desertargillaceous desertsalt desertgobioasislandscape sciencelandscapefaciesnatural landscapeland土地系统土地分类土地类型土地单元土地要素土地刻面刻面联合体土地属性生态地理学地生态学景观生态学生态系统生态平衡生态区域生态小区land systemland classificationland type land unitland elementland facetfacet combinationterrain characteristicsecogeo
5、graphygeoecologylandscape ecologyecosystemecological balanceecoregionecodistict生态地段生态区生态点自然资源可再生资源非可再生资源灾害地理学自然灾害ecosectionecotopeecositenatural resourcesrenewable resourcesnonrenewable resourceshazard geographynatural hazard03 地 貌 学地貌学地貌地貌年代学地貌成因地貌形成作用气候地貌学动力地貌学地貌量计学人工地貌平原低地高地丘陵geomorphologylandfor
6、mgeomorphochronologygeomorphogenesis, landform genesislandform forming processclimatic geomorphologydynamic geomorphologygeomorphometryanthropogenic landformsplainlowlandhighlandhill山山脉岭峰山麓半岛岛屿群岛海峡地峡海拔（高度）相对高度山嘴盆地山间盆地mountainmountain range, mountain chainrange, ridgepeak, mountpiedmontpeninsulaislan
7、darchipelagostraitisthmusaltitude, height above sea levelrelative heightmountain spurbasinintermountain basin山峰崖山麓平原高原峡谷谷沟谷冲沟山形山志阶地台地洼地坡地mountain peakcliff, scarppiedmont plainplateaugorge, canyonvalleyravinegullymountain formsorographyterracetableland, platformdepressionslope坡度基岩地貌过程侵蚀作用雨滴侵蚀剥蚀作用刻蚀溶
8、蚀冲刷片蚀溯源侵蚀下切侵蚀侧向侵slope, gradientbedrockgeomorphological processerosionraindrop erosiondenudationcorrasioncorrosionwash, erosionsheet erosionheadward erosiondowncutting, incision, vertical erosionlateral erosion掏蚀侵蚀基准面总侵蚀基准面局部侵蚀基准面裂点沉积作用堆积作用堆积物加积作用沉积相地貌世代地貌序列地形基面地貌组合正地貌undercuttingbase level of erosio
9、ngeneral base levellocal base levelknick pointsedimentation, depositiondeposition, accumulationdepositaggradationsedimentary faciesgeneration of landformslandforms seriesbase levellandform assemblagepositive landform负地貌正常地貌倒置地貌地貌倒置刻蚀地貌夷平作用夷平面准平面剥蚀面山麓侵蚀面山麓侵蚀平面山顶面侵蚀循环回春作用negative landformnormal landfo
10、rminverted landforminversion of landformerosional landformplanation surfacepeneplaindenudation sufaceerosion surfacepedimentpediplainsummit planeerosion cyclerejuvenation相关沉积地壳均衡新构造运动构造地貌学丹霞地貌构造高原构造阶地单面山方山猪背脊线形现象断层崖断层线崖断层三角面correlated sedimentsisostasyneotectonic movementstructural geomorphology, te
11、ctonic geomorphology“Danxia” landformstructural plateaustructural terracecuesta（西）mesahogback ridgelineamentfault scarpfault-line scarptriangular facet断层谷断块山火山火山作用风化作用物理风化作用化学风化作用生物风化作用机械风化作用差异风化作用风化层残积土残积物残积层风化壳fault valleyblock mountainvolcanoweatheringphysical weatheringchemical weatheringbiologi
12、cal weatheringmechanical weatheringdifferential weatheringregolithresidual soileluviumweathered crust正残积风化壳碎屑型风化壳硅铝粘土型风化壳硅铝碳酸盐型风化壳硅铝氧化物硫酸盐风化壳硅铝铁质和富铝型风化壳剥落页状剥落块状崩落结壳作用盐屑堆盐屑锥orthoeluvial weathered crustclastic weathered crustsiallite-clay weathered crustsiallite-carbonate weathered crustsiallite-chlor
13、ide-sulphate wea-thered crustsiallite-ferrite and allite wea-thered crustexfoliation, desquamationexfoliationcrumblingincrustationtalustalus cone山麓堆积坡积物坡水堆积物土体蠕动滑塌滑坡泥石流泥流岩崩流水地貌学流水地貌冲积物冲积层冲积锥冲积扇slope depositdeluviumsoil creepcollapselandslide, landslipdebris flowmudflowrock fallfluvial geomorphologyf
14、luvial landformalluvium，alluvial depositalluviumalluvial conealluvial fan洪积物洪积层洪积扇河床河漫滩汇水区流域分水岭辫状河曲流天然堤滨河床沙坝凸岸坝牛轭湖离堆山proluvium，proluvial depositproluviumproluvial fanriver bedfloodplaincatchment areadrainage area，basinwaterdivide，divide，watershedbraided streammeandernatural leveechannel bar，sand bar
15、point barox-bow lakemeander core，meander spur河流阶地河流袭夺河流错位河流偏移风口纵谷横谷风蚀吹蚀沙丘新月形沙丘流动沙丘固定沙丘半固定沙丘纵向沙丘river terraceriver captureriver offsetriver deflectionwind gaplongitudinal valleytransverse valleywind erosiondeflationsand dunecrescent dunemobile dune，wandering dunefixed dunesemifixied dunelongitudinal
16、dune横向沙丘抛物线沙丘蜂窝状沙丘沙垅风棱石风蚀脊沙暴风蚀坑风蚀洼地干盐湖基岩扇岛山漠漆岩漆漠盖层transverse duneparabolic dunehoneycomb dunessand ridgewind-faceted stones，ventifactyardangsandstormblowout pitdeflation hollowplayarock faninselbergdesert varnishrock varnishdesert pavement黄土黄土地貌黄土塬黄土梁黄土峁劣地咯斯特咯斯特地貌学咯斯特地貌咯斯特化溶斗溶蚀谷溶蚀盆落水洞溶沟loessloess la
17、ndform“yuan”，loess tableland“liang”，loess ridge“mao”，loess hillbadland karstkarst geomorphologykarst landformkarstificationdolinepoljeuvalasinkholekarren干谷竖井潜蚀作用洞穴堆积咯斯特平原峰林石林洞穴学假咯斯特类咯斯特泉华沉积石灰华海岸滨海岸地貌学dry valleyshaft underground erosioncave depositkarst plainpeak foreststone pinaclesspeleologypseudok
18、arstparakarstsinter depositiontufasea coastshorecoastal geomorphology海蚀作用海蚀龛海蚀洞海蚀台海蚀崖海蚀柱岬角岩滩潮滩潮汐通道潮沟舄湖三角洲河口湾海滩marine erosionwave-cut notchsea caveabrasion platformsea cliffsea stackcapebenchtidal flattidal channel， tidal inlettidal creeklagoondeltaestuarycoastal beach滩脊滩脊型潮滩滩脊型潮滩平原沙嘴障壁坝滨外坝尖形滩尖形坝连岛坝陆
19、连岛沿滨泥沙流海岸阶地全球性海面升降珊瑚礁岸礁beach ridgechenierchenier plainsand spitbarrieroff-shore barcuspate forelandtuspate bartombolotombolo islandlongshore driftcoastal terrace，marine terraceeustatic movementcoral reeffringing reef堡礁环礁大陆架大陆坡洋盆海隆海岭平顶海山海沟海渊barrier reefatollcontinental shelfcontinental slopeoceanic b
20、asinriseoceanic ridgeguyottrenchabyssal deep04 气 候 学气候学气候气候资源太阳辐射反照射积温无霜期降水蒸发干燥度热水平衡风向风速气候灾害climatologyclimateclimate resourcessolar radiationalbedoaccumulated temperaturefrost-free periodprecipitationevaporationaridityheat-water balancewind directionwind speedclimate damage，climatic hazard旱灾水灾风灾雹灾湿
21、害热害冻害冷害气候分类气候区划气候带气候区气候型赤道带热带drought damageflood damagewind damagehail damagewet damageheat damagefreezing damagecold damageclimatic classificationclimatic regionalizationclimatic zoneclimatic regionclimatic typeequatorial zonetropical zone亚热带温带寒带湿润气候干燥气候热带雨林气候萨瓦纳气候森林气候草原气候荒漠气候苔原气候极地气候高原气候山地气候大陆度sub
22、tropical zone temperate zonecold zonehumid climatearid climatetropical rainforest climatesavanna climateforest climatesteppe climatedesert climatetundra climatepolar climateplateau climatemountain climatecontinentality大陆性气候海洋性气候地中海气候地形气候学区域气候地方气候小气候气候系统行星风系信风季风梅雨台风寒潮海陆风continental climatemaritime cl
23、imateMediterranean climatetopoclimatologyregional climatelocal climatemicroclimateclimatic systemplanetary wind systemtrade wind，tradesmonsoonMeiyu,，plum raintyphooncold wavesea-land breeze山谷风干热风焚风雨影气候变迁古气候历史气候年轮气候学物候学自然历城市气候城市热岛气候志mountain-valley breezedry-hot windfoehn rain shadowclimatic changepalaeoclimatehistorical climatedendroclimatologyphenologynatural calendarurban cli
