1、4.Early concepts of rural development were virtually the same as agricultural development because of the predominant role of agriculture in rural areas at the time.早期概念的农村发展几乎一样的农业发展,因为农业主导作用在农村地区的时间。5.Improving the agrarian structure was viewed as being identical to maintaining the social viability
2、 in rural areas; what was good for the farmers was good for areas.改善农业用地结构被认为与维持乡村地区的社会生存发展能力具有相同的含义，对农民有益的事物也对乡村地区的发展有益。6.The emphasis of land consolidation projects has shifted from a focus on restructuring agriculture to one of achieving more efficient multiple use of rural space by balancing the
3、 interests of agriculture, landscape, nature conservation , recreation and transportation, especially when land is required for the construction of major roads.土地整理工程的重点已经从以调整农业结构为主转变为通过平衡农业、景观、自然保护、休闲娱乐和交通特别是土地要满足主干道路建设需求时之间的利益关系来实现乡村空间更有效的多功能利用。7.In line with other changes in the concept of rural
4、development, land consolidation now places increasing importance on gender inclusion , participatory approaches and the use of mediation and alternative dispute resolution in resolving conflicts.为了保持与乡村发展概念中其他变化的一致性，如今，土地整理日益强调性别包含。参与途径以及在化解矛盾时调节机制和解决选择性冲突。8.The most effective consolidation instrume
5、nt of rural development is comprehensive land consolidation but at times other approaches such as simplified consolidation , voluntary group consolidation , and individual consolidation initiatives can bring benefits. 最有效的整合农村发展的工具是全面的土地整理,但有时其他的方法,如简化的整合,志愿组织整合,和个人整合行动可以带来的好处。9.Comprehensive land c
6、onsolidation include the re-allocation of parcels together with a broad range of other measures to promote rural development.综合土地整理包括破碎地块的配置和促进乡村发展的范围广泛的其他措施。10.The allocation of responsibilities for carrying out these steps also varies between jurisdictions. 职责分配执行这些步骤也在不同法域之间。There is usually a cl
7、ear division between responsibility for overall supervision ,control and monitoring functions, and responsibility for implementation. 在全面监督、控制、监测功能和执行的职责之间具有明显的差别The responsibilities for the supervising agency should be defined in legislation. One of the first considerations in proposing a land cons
8、olidation pilot project is determining the roles and responsibilities of the various parties . 负责监督机构应立法界定。一次考虑在提出土地整理试点项目是确定的作用和责任的各当事方。11.Comprehensive land consolidation projects usually have extensive public works and so they require the participation of a large number of central government agen
9、cies such as the Ministry of Agriculture ,Ministry of Justice, Cadastre offices, Registry offices, Ministry of Public Works, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Transportation and Ministry of Rural Development. 土地综合整治项目通常有广泛的公共工程，所以他们需要participationg大量中央政府机构等农业部，司法部，地籍登记办公室，办公室，公共工程部，环境部，交通部和农村发展部。
10、12.With the trend towards decentralization projects increasingly involve local and regional governments, municipalities, water boards or water associations.随着地方分权趋势的深化，工程日益需要地方和区域政府、市政府、水资源理事会或者协会的参与。13.Ensuring that the project is cost-effective is crucial. Geographic information systems and satell
11、ite positioning systems are now routinely used to reduce time and costs of surveying and planning . 确保项目的成本效益是crucial.geographic信息系统和卫星定位系统现在经常用来减少时间和成本的测量和规划。Several countries have developed semi-automated systems for use in designing the new layout of reallocated parcels. 几个国家已开发的半自动化系统在设计使用新布局的重新
12、分配包裹。14.Individual consolidation.个人整理。Consolidation of holdings can take place on an informal and sporadic basis.土地整理可以在非正式的、零星的基础上进行。The state is not directly involved and so these initiatives do not include the provision of public facilities. . 国家不直接参与，所以这些举措不包括提供公共。15. However， the state can play
13、 a significant role in encourage consolidation that improve agriculture by promoting instrunments such as joint use agreements，leasing and retirement schemes.但是国家可以在鼓励土地整理方面发挥重要作用，通过促进像联合土地利用协议、租赁和收回方案等手段来改善农业生产条件。第二篇1.Goals are broad statements of desired outcomes（e.g. maintain ecosystem health and
14、 productivity, promote community stability, ensure sustainable development）that usually are not quantifiable.目的是对通常不能量化的预期成果（例如维持生态系统的健康和生产能力、促进社区稳定、保障可持续发展）都宽泛描述。2.Since the release of the original Handbook, the BLM has worked with RACs （resource advisory councils） to develop Land Health Standards
15、applicable to all ecosystems and management actions.土地管理局原“手册”的发布以来，一直与RACS（资源咨询理事会）开发土地健康标准“适用于所有的生态系统和管理行动。3.These Land Health Standards must be expressed as goals in the land use plan.这些土地的卫生标准必须表示为目标的土地利用规划。4.A sample goal for a Land Health Standard is:“Maintain healthy, productive plant and ani
16、mal communities of native and other desirable species at viable population levels commensurate with the species and habitats potential.”一个有关土地健康标准的典型调查目的是：使健康、具有生产能力的本地动物和植物群落以及其他值得保护的物种保持和物种与栖息地潜力相称的能够繁衍的种族水平。5.A sample goal from the Strategic plan is:“Sustain desired biological communities on Depa
17、rtment of the Interior-managed and influenced lands and waters in a manner consisten with obligations regarding the allocation and use of water.战略规划目的的例子为：以与有关水资源分配和利用职责相一致的方式，在土地和水的内部管理、内部影响的区域内保持有益生物群落的活力。6.At the land use plan level,it is important to identify reasonable development scenarios for
18、 allowable uses such as mineral leasing,locatable mineral development,recreation timber harvest,utility corridors,and livestock grazing to enable the orderly implementation of future actions. 在土地利用计划的水平，重要的是确定合理的开发方案允许使用诸如矿产租赁，可定位的矿产开发，娱乐的木材收获，公用走廊，牲畜放牧使有条不紊的执行未来的行动。第三篇1.Physical land evaluation pro
19、vides no objective method to compare different land uses for a given land area, as there is no inherent common scale of measure between the land use. 由于不同土地利用方式之间缺乏内在共有的衡量标准，因此特定区域土地的自然评价就不能提供客观的方法来比较不同的土地利用方式。2.We can count the number of physical constraints to each use, but it is difficult to comp
20、are their relative severity or degree of limitation. 我们可以计算数量的物理限制每个使用，但它是很难比较的相对严重性或程度的限制的。3.Some constraints may lead directly to yield reductions, but others are only expressed as management difficulties. 一些限制可能直接导致产量减少，但其他人只表现为管理上的困难4.We need some objective and commensurate comparison of costs a
21、nd-benefits for each land use on each land unit. 我们需要一些客观的和相称的比较成本and-benefits各土地利用对各土地单元。5.In many situations ,it is realistic to use economic measure of cost and benefit, and then use these to quantify the land use potential and suitability, according to the land evaluation definition.从土地评价定义来看，很多
22、情况下采用成本和收益的经济学衡量方法来量化土地利用的潜力和适宜性是可行的。6.Historically,land evaluation had its origin in land capability classification, soil survey interpetion, and similar physical evaluations, in which the use potential of land is expressed in terms of its predicted physical response to various land uses or in term
23、s of physical constraints to these use.历史地看，土地评价源于土地生产力分类、土壤调查说明和与现在土地评价相类似的自然评价，在这种自然评价中，土地利用潜力表现为不同利用方式下土地潜在的自然生产能力或土地在不同利用方式下的限制性条件。7.In pure subsistence agriculture, the benefit are the consumable foodstuffs ,fiber,wood, animal product ect. they can be quantify as calories, grams of protein, ect
24、. the cost are labor, which can be quantified by time and intensity.在纯粹是自给自足的农业社会里，农业收益指的是用于消费的食物、纤维、木材以及动物产品等。这些物质可以用热量和蛋白质的重量来量化；而投入的成本则可以用劳动时间和强度来量化。8.In market-oriented societies that are largely organized by economic interactions （i.e. where money and its surrogates are the primary means of exc
25、hange ）both benefit and cost can be expressed by economic measure:“everything has its price”.在市场经济社会中，社会主要由各种经济性相互作用组成（这里，金钱及其代替物是首要的交换手段）无论收益还是成本，都可以通过经济衡量尺度表现出来，即：“每样东西都有价格”9.A serious problem and an area of active research is the assignment of economic values to things that do not have an establi
26、shed market value in the same sense as actively-traded good such as a good commodity.一个重要的问题同时也是一个研究的热点，就是如何给交易活跃的商品中那些没有市场价格的物品赋值，例如食品。Much of environmental economics is taken up with this problem. 多环境经济学是采取了这个问题10.The economic suitability of a land area for a land use is the predicted net economic
27、 benefit to a specified party （e.g. landowner ,land user, society） to be expected if the land area is dedicated to the use.当某区域的土地确定将被用于某种用途时，对该土地在该种土地利用方式下的土地经济适宜性评价即为对不同收益者如土地所有者、土地使用者、社会的预期土地经济收益的预测。11.Note:the economic value of a land use system implemented on a given land area is not synonymous
28、 with the market value of the land area （land evaluationland valuation） although the predict return to a land unit of land uses obviously influences its price.土地在某种特定的利用方式下的经济价值与这块土地的市场价值并不是同义的（土地评价土地估价），尽管土地单元在不同利用方式下的预期回报明显地影响着它的市场价格。12.The net present value （NPV）is the cash worth of the land-use
29、scheme at the present time ，on a per unit area （normalized）or aggregate （per-field or per-farm）basis，over the useful life of the scheme. 净现值指在土地利用方案的有效期内，以（标准化）或汇总（每块田或每个农场）的单位面积为基础计算的土地利用方案的当前现金价值。13.The NPV is not normalized to a per-accounting-period basis ,as is the gross margin.与毛利不同，净现值不会按会计年度
30、标准化。Thus , the NPV has the disadvantage that all land use options to be compared must have the same useful life or planning horizon, which is rarely theCase in agricultural projects. 因此，净现值法的缺点，所有土地使用方案相比，必须有相同的使用寿命或规划的视野，这是很少的情况在农业项目。In practice, the shorter planning horizons （e.g. rotations） must
31、be lengthened to equal the longer planning horizons （e.g. plantayion crops ）,by repeating the sequence of inputs and outputs of the shorter plans.在实践中，短期的规划（如轮作）应该通过重复短期规划的投入和产出过程将其延长到和长期的规划（如园林作物）一样长。单词agrarian structure 土地结构as long as 如果只要boards 理事会 董事会buffer zones 缓冲带cadastre 地籍簿comprehensive land consolidation 综合土地整理entry point 切入点fragmented holdings 破碎化的土
