1、高中英语语法句子的种类Unit 14 句子种类句子是具有一定的语法结构，表达一个独立完整意义的语言单位。句子按目的可以分为四类：陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句。 高考重点要求： 1.掌握感叹句的用法和构成；2.掌握祈使句的构成及作用；3.掌握一般疑问句、选择疑问句、特殊疑问句、反意疑问句的应答。（一）陈述句陈述句用来陈述一件事或表达一种看法，有肯定和否定两种形式，句末通常用句号，读降调。1. 陈述句的肯定式：主语+ 谓语+ 其他eg. That boy always helps others.I went to the cinema yesterday.2. 陈述句的否定形式：1）be的否定式
2、（1）be 用作系动词时，结构为：主语+ be +not+表语+其他eg. She is not a teacher.Tom was not at home yesterday.（2）be 用作助动词，用于be doing / be going to do/ be done 等时态或被动语态中，结构为主语+ be + not +动词的现在分词或过去分词+其他。Tim isnt playing football.The sweater isnt made of woolen.2） 助动词、情态动词的否定式The boy doesnt do housework at home.Man cant l
3、ive without water.3）除not外，其他否定词也可以构成否定句。（1）用no 表示，no=not any/ aHe has no sister.= He doesnt have any sisters.（2）never绝不，从来不I have never seen such a man.（3）little, few 几乎没有There are few students in the classroom.（4）no one/nobody 没有人Nobody is interested in the book.（5）nothing 什么也没有There is nothing wro
4、ng with you.（6）neither of 两者都不none of 三者及以上都不Neither of them has ever been to Beijing.（7）seldom 很少； hardly 几乎不I seldom go to hospital.I can hardly say a word.（8）tooto 太以至于不能He is too late to catch the bus.（二）疑问句用来提出问题，表示疑问的句子就叫疑问句。这类句子的形式比较多，中学阶段常见的有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。1. 一般疑问句一般疑问句是用来询问某人或某物是否属
5、实，并且要用yes或no来回答的疑问句。这种疑问句朗读时要用声调。其语序一般要用倒装结构。如：-Are you an engineer?-Yes, I am或No, I am not.2.特殊疑问句以疑问代词（who, whom, whose, what, which等）或疑问副词（when, where, why, how等）开头的疑问句就叫特殊疑问句。这种疑问句朗读时用降调。其句式结构分正常语序和倒装语序两种形式。如：What has happened to her?When did he fly to America?3. 选择疑问句在句中提供的两个或多个答案中选择一个作回答的疑问句，就
6、叫做选择疑问句。朗读时前面的一个或多个选择用升调，最后一个选择用降调。这种疑问句的句式结构有两种情况：即一般疑问句和特殊疑问句再加上供选择的两个或多个部分。但不管用哪种形式，都要按实际情况来回答。如：Do you enjoy playing football or volleyball? I enjoy playing volleyball.Which floor do you live , on the 15th floor or on the 21st floor? On the 21st floor.4. 反意疑问句 概念反意疑问句是附加在陈述句之后,对陈述句所表示的事实或观点提出疑问的
7、句子.附加疑问实际上 是一种简略的一般疑问句. 相关知识点精讲反意疑问句的结构：陈述句（主语+谓语），+助动词/情态动词/be动词+主语（代词形式）？说明：陈述句部分如果是肯定句，疑问句部分的助动词/情态动词/be动词+not （否定提问）；如果陈述句部分是否定句，反意疑问句，疑问句部分用肯定式提问。例句：He is your teacher, isnt he ?People shouldnt drop litter on the pavements, should they ?You found the key in the bedroom, didnt you ?They have a h
8、ouse in town, havent they ?/dont they ?The boy has to clean his room, doesnt he ?I am right, arent I ? Theyd rather go by bus, wouldnt they ?Youd better change your wet skirt, hadnt you ?Hed like to join our discussion, wouldnt he ?She ought to see a doctor at once, shouldnt she ? / oughtnt she ?I w
9、ish to say a few words, may I ?Thats nice, isnt it ?This is the place, isnt it ?Everybody knows the answer, dont they ?Nothing is serious, is it?There wasnt enough time at that moment, was there ?There used to be a tower here, usednt there? / didnt there ?What you need is more practice, isnt it ?某些特
10、殊句型的反意疑问句：1)陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用 arent I.Im as tall as your sister，arent I?2)陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may +主语。I wish to have a word with you, may I?3)陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分 用肯定含义。The Swede made no answer, did he / she?Some plants never blown (开花), do
11、 they ?4)含有ought to 的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldnt / oughtnt +主语。He ought to know what to do, oughtnt he? / shouldnt he?5)陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.)，疑问部分常用dont +主语（didnt +主语）。We have to get there at eight tomorrow, dont we?6)陈述部分的谓语是used to 时，疑问部分用didnt +主语或 usednt +主语。He used to take pictures th
12、ere, didnt he? / usednt he?7)陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadnt you?Youd better read it by yourself, hadnt you?8)陈述部分有would rather +v.，疑问部分多用 wouldnt +主语。He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldnt he?9)陈述部分有Youd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldnt +主语。Youd like to go with me, wouldnt you?10) 陈述句含有
13、情态动词must，疑问部分根据实际情况而定。 must表示“必须”，反意疑问句部分为mustnt? / neednt? He must study hard at English, mustnt he? / neednt he? You must go home now, neednt you? / mustnt you? We mustnt be late, must we ? Must表示推测：“一定，肯定” 反意疑问句部分与must后面的动词呼应 You must be joking, arent you? He must be ill, isnt he ? 注意：用must对过去的动作
14、推测时，反意疑问句部分的助动词用did或have, 而对过去的状态推 测，反意疑问句部分的be动词用was:She must have finished her work, hasnt she ? / didnt she ? Jack must have arrived here yesterday, didnt he ? He must have been a policeman, wasnt he ?11) 感叹句中，疑问部分用be +主语。What colours, arent they?What a smell, isnt it?12)陈述部分由neither nor, either
15、or 连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。 Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?13)陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。 Everything is ready, isnt it?14)陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况： a. 并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now,
16、 shouldnt he?b. 带有定语从句，宾语从句及主语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?He said he wanted to visit Japan, didnt he?c. 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的宾语从句，且主句的主语为第 一人称：I/we时，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。I dont think he is bright, is he?We believe she can do it
17、better, cant she?15) 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he。Everyone knows the answer, dont they?(does he?)Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)16) 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。We need not do it again, need we ?He dare not say so, dare you?
18、 当dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。She doesnt dare to go home alone, does she?17)省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。Dont do that again, will you?Go with me, will you / wont you ? 注意： Lets 开头的祈使句，后用shall we?Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you?Lets go and listen to the music, shall we?Let us wait for you in the readi
19、ng-room, will you ?18)陈述部分是there be结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。There is something wrong with your watch, isnt there?There will not be any trouble, will there?19)否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。It is impossible, isnt it?He is not unkind to his classmates, is he? 快速记忆表陈述部分的谓语_ 疑问部分 I_ arent I Wish_may +主语 no,nothin
20、g,nobody,never, few, seldom, hardly, 肯定含义rarely, little等否含义的词ought to（肯定的） shouldnt/ oughtnt +主语 have to+v.(had to+v.) dont +主语(didnt +主语) used to didnt +主语或 usednt +主语 had better + v. hadnt youwould rather + v. wouldnt +主语 youd like to + v. wouldnt +主语 must 根据实际情况而定感叹句中 be +主语Neithernor, eitheror 连
21、接的根 据其实际逻辑意义而定并列主语 指示代词或不定代词everything,that, 主语用itnothing,this 并列复合句 谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定 定语从句,宾语从句、主语从句的主从复合句 根据主句的谓语而定 think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine等引导 与宾语从句相对应的从句而定 everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,no one 复数they, 单数he 情态动词dare或need need (dare ) +主语dare, need 为实义动词 do +主语 省去主语的祈使句 will you？Lets 开头
22、的祈使句 Shall we?Let us 开头的祈使句 Will you? there be结构 相应的谓语动词+there(省略主语代词)否定前缀不能视为否定词 仍用否定形式must表推测 根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句（可能用：do/does/ did; have/ has + 主语）（三）感叹句1. 概念感叹句通常有what, how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦、等感情what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，掌握了它们的搭配，即掌握了感叹句的重点。2. 相关知识点精讲A) what 引导的感叹句1What +不定冠词（a, an）+形容词单数可数名词（主语谓语动词）！ What
23、 a happy life we are living! What an honest child he is!注意此句型也可变形为How引导，但需将形容词提前到How后。如 What a beautiful girl she is! = How beautiful a girl she is!2What +形容词复数可数名词（主语谓语动词）！ What beautiful songs she sang! What good presents we were given!3 What +（形容词）不可数名词主语谓语动词！ What fine weather it is! What noise
24、they are making! B) How 引导的感叹句1How + 形容词（副词）主语谓语动词！ How blind you are! How splendid the Emperor looks in his new clothes! How hard they are working! How well they sang! 2 How +主语谓语动词How he ran! (= How fast he ran!) How time flies! (= How fast time flies!) How it rained! (= How heavily it rained!) (此
25、句型实际上是省去了另一副词，意思往往可据上下文，情景体现)以上为感叹句的常规句型，在日常生活中还有如下形式感叹句1以What 或How引导的感叹句，常用省略或（省去主语+谓语） How cold! (=How cold it is!) 好冷呀! What colours! 多好的颜色呀！2陈述句，疑问句，甚至一个词都可以成为感叹句。 Great! 太棒了！ Happy New Year! 新年好！ Arent the babies lovely! 这些孩子真可爱呀！【典型例题】1）_ food youve cooked! A. How a niceB. What a niceC. How ni
26、ce D. What nice答案D. 由于How 修饰形容词，副词；what修饰名词。且food为不可数名词，因此A，B 排除。C How + adj. 后面不能再加名词，因此只有D正确，其句型为What + adj. +n. (不可数)2）_terrible weather weve been having these days! A. What B. What aC. How D. How a答案A. weather为不可数名词，B，D排除。C为how + adj. 后面不应有名词。只有A，符合句型What +形容词+不可数名词。3) - _ I had!- You really suf
27、fered a lot. A. What a timeB. What time C. How a time D. how time答案A.感叹句分两类：1：What + n.+主谓部分 2：How + adj. / adv. / v.+主谓部分。本题属第一种，但省略了bad，相对于 What a bad time I had! 这是个习惯用语。09年9月18日新进09年秋季教辅书名录（四）祈使句表示请求、命令、禁止、劝告或建议的句子叫祈使句。祈使句的主语往往省略。其常见的句式结构可归纳为四种基本形式：（1）肯定祈使句；（2）否定祈使句；（3）以Lets开头的祈使句；（4）以助动词do开头的祈使
28、句。1肯定祈使句。如：Stop talking! Come here in time!2否定祈使句，即以Dont或Never开头的句子。如：Dont talk in class. Never leave todays work for tomorrow.3以Lets 或let开头的句子。如：Lets go together. Let him go first.4以助动词do开头的祈使句，在句中起加强语气的作用，译成“一定，务必”。如：Do come to see me if you have time.【实战演练】A类题：1. Youd rather watch TV this evening, _? A. isnt it B. hadnt you C. wouldnt youD. wont you 2. I suppose youre not going today, _? A. are you B. do youC. dont you D. arent you 3. I wish to shake hands with you, _? A. shall B. may I C. do I D. will I 4. Three hours ought to be enough time, _? A oughtnt three hours B. didnt th
