1、版英语新设计同步必修5Unit 1 Part Unit 1Great scientists斯蒂芬威廉姆霍金被誉为继爱因斯坦之后世界上最著名的科学思想家和最杰出的理论物理学家。霍金的魅力不仅在于他是一个充满传奇色彩的物理天才，也因为他是一个令人折服的生活强者。尽管他的身体无助地坐在轮椅上，但他的思想却出色地遨游到广袤的时空，解开了宇宙之谜。Stephen William Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 (300 years after the death of Galileo) in Oxford，England.His parents house was
2、in north London，but during the second world war Oxford was considered as a safer place to have babies.When he was eight，his family moved to St Albans，a town about 20 miles north of London.At eleven Stephen went to St Albans School，and then on to University College，Oxford，his fathers old college.Step
3、hen wanted to do Mathematics，although his father would have preferred medicine.There was no mathematics，so he did Physics instead.After three years and not very much work he was awarded a first class honours degree in Natural Science.Stephen then went on to Cambridge to do research in cosmology(宇宙学)
4、，there being no one working in that area in Oxford at the time.His supervisor(导师) was Denis Sciama，although he had hoped to get Fred Hoyle who was working in Cambridge.After gaining his Ph.D.he became first a Research Fellow，and later on a Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius College.After leav
5、ing the Institute of Astronomy in 1973 Stephen came to the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics，and since 1979 has held the post of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics.The chair was founded in 1663 with money left in the will of the Reverend Henry Lucas，who had been the Member of
6、Parliament for the University.It was first held by Isaac Barrow，and then in 1663 by Isaac Newton.His many publications include “The Large Scale Structure of Spacetime”时空的大规模结构 with G F R Ellis，“General Relativity：An Einstein Centenary Survey”广义相对论：爱因斯坦世纪眺望，with W Israel，and “300 Years of Gravity”重力3
7、00年，with W Israel.Stephen Hawking has two popular books published；his best seller “A Brief History of Time”时间简史.词海拾贝1.be considered as被看作2.award v. 奖给，授予 n.奖品，奖项3.do research in 做方面的研究4.later on 后来5.hold the post of 任；担任6.best seller 畅销书Part Warming Up & Reading.重点单词1.defeat vt.打败；战胜；使受挫 n.失败2.exper
8、t adj.熟练的；经验或知识丰富的 n.专家；行家3.attend vt.照顾；护理；出席；参加4.expose vt.暴露；揭露；使曝光5.cure n.治愈；痊愈 vt.治愈；治疗6.suspect vt.认为；怀疑 n.被怀疑者；嫌疑犯7.handle n.柄；把手 vt.处理；操纵8.link vt.& n.连接；联系9.blame vt.责备；谴责；把归咎于 n.过失；责备10.victim n.受害者11.characteristic n.特征；特性character n.(事物的)特性；性质；(人的)品质；性格 12.absorb vt.吸收；吸引；使专心absorbed ad
9、j.全神贯注的；一心一意的13.announce vt.宣布；通告announcement n.宣告；宣布announcer n.播音员；宣告者14.scientific adj.科学的science n.科学scientist n.科学家15.pollute vt.污染；弄脏pollution n.污染16.instruct vt.命令；指示；教导instruction n.命令；指示17.conclude vt.& vi.结束；推断出conclusion n.结论；结束18.challenge n.挑战vt.向挑战challenging adj.具有挑战性的.核心短语1.put_forwa
10、rd提出；推荐2.draw_a_conclusion 得出结论3.expose_.to 使显露；暴露4.of_sbs/sths_day 在某人/某物存在的时候5.face_a_challenge 面临挑战6.mark .on. 在上把标出来7.be to blame 该受责备；应负责8.link.to. 将和联系或连接起来9.look into 调查10.slow down 减速；减缓.经典句式1.Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.人们既不知道它的病源，也不知道它的治疗方法。2.So many thousands of terrifie
11、d people died every_time there was an outbreak.因此，每次爆发霍乱时就有成千上万惊恐的人死去。3.In two particular streets，the cholera outbreak was so_severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.在两条特定的街上霍乱流行得很严重，以至于10天内就有500多人死亡。4.To prevent this from happening again，John Snow suggested_that the source of all the wate
12、r supplies _be_examined.为防止这种情况再度发生，约翰斯诺建议所有水源都要经过检测。1.联想记单词虽然他是嫌疑犯(suspect)，但我们也要尊重(respect)他。不要责备(blame)这个瘸腿(lame)的人。不要跳(jump)到水泵(pump)上。2.归类记单词：ly 结尾的形容词deadly 致命的；friendly友好的；lovely可爱的；lively活泼的； lonely孤独的； daily每日的；weekly每星期的；yearly每年的3.名词动用defeat n.失败vt.击败challenge n.挑战vt.向挑战suspect n.被怀疑者；嫌疑犯
13、vt.认为；怀疑cure n.治愈；痊愈vt.治愈；治疗4.名词后缀：tion，mentpollute vt.污染；弄脏pollution n.污染instruct vt.命令；指示；教导instruction n.命令；指示conclude vt.& vi.结束；推断出conclusion n.结论；结束announce vt.宣布；通告announcement n.宣告；宣布阅读清障defeat/dIfit/vt.打败；战胜；使受挫 n.失败expert/ekspt/adj.熟练的；经验或知识丰富的 n.专家；行家attend/tend/vt.照顾；护理；出席；参加physician/fI
14、zIn/n.医生；内科医师so.that“如此以至于”，so在此修饰形容词expert。破折号后的内容进一步解释前面的doctor。inspired/InspaId/adj.感到振奋的，受到鼓舞的expose/Ikspz/vt.暴露；揭露；使曝光expose.to使显露；暴露when引导时间状语从句，exposed to cholera在此作后置定语，修饰ordinary people。deadly/dedlI/adj.致命的cure/kj/n.治愈；痊愈 vt.治愈；治疗Neither.nor.(既不也不)连接两个并列名词词组作主语。当neither.nor.连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语
15、动词的数要遵循就近一致原则。terrified/terIfaId/adj.恐惧，很害怕outbreak/atbreIk/n.爆发；发作(尤指疾病或战争)every time“每次”，起连词作用，引导时间状语从句。challenge/tlInd/n.挑战vt.向挑战that引导宾语从句，从句中又含有until引导的时间状语从句。that.killed people是定语从句，修饰先行词two theories，定语从句中又含有宾语从句how cholera killed people，该从句作explained的宾语。multiply/mltIplaI/vi.繁殖；增殖suggested在此处意
16、为“间接表明，暗示”，后面的从句不用虚拟语气。victim/vIktIm/n.受害者absorb/bzb/vt.吸收；吸引；使专心过去分词affected在此作前置定语，表示“受疾病侵袭的”。suspect/sspekt/vt.认为；怀疑/sspekt/n.被怀疑者；嫌疑犯本句为并列句，but连接两个并列分句，第一个分句中含有that引导的宾语从句，从句作suspected的宾语。hit/hIt/vt.打击，危害；攻击，袭击enquiry/InkwaIrI/n.询问；调查as在此引导时间状语从句，表示“当的时候”。severe/sIvI/adj.严重的；剧烈的；严厉的mark v.做标记whe
17、re在此引导定语从句，修饰先行词the exact places，where在从句中作地点状语。clue/klu/n.线索；提示pump/pmp/n.泵；抽水机 vt.(用泵)抽(水)foresee/fsi/vt.(foresaw，foreseen)预见；预知further/f/adj.更进一步的investigation/InvestIeIn/n.调查investigate/InvestIeIt/vt.& vi.调查blame/bleIm/vt.责备；谴责n.过失；责备It seemed/seems that.“看来”，这是一个常用句型。was to blame表示“对负有责任”，不定式to
18、 blame用主动形式表示被动意义。look into 调查，审查that引导的从句作found的宾语，从句中过去分词短语polluted by.London作后置定语，修饰the river。handle/hndl/n.柄；把手vt.处理；操纵so that在此引导目的状语从句。slow down 放慢速度，减缓germ/dm/n.微生物；细菌supporting/sptI/adj.能确证的supporting evidence 有力的证据be linked to 与有关link/lIk/vt.& n.连接；联系link.to.将和 联系或连接起来that.outbreak为that引导的定
19、语从句，修饰先行词two other deaths。who.Broad Street为who引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词A woman。so much that she had it delivered.every day为“so.that.”结构，表示“如此以至于”。had it delivered 为“have sth done”结构。announce/nans/vt.宣布；通告with certainty 确信地(作状语)certainty/stntI/n.确信；确实that polluted.germs为that引导的宾语从句，that在从句中不作成分。To prevent.ag
20、ain为动词不定式短语作目的状语。prevent.(from)doing表示“阻止做”。suggested在此表示“建议”，that引导的宾语从句用的是虚拟语气，从句谓语为be examined，be前面省略了should。instruct/Instrkt/vt.命令；指示；教导instruct sb to do sth命令某人做某事原文呈现JOHN SNOW DEFEATS“KING CHOLERA”John Snow was a famous doctor in Londonso expert，indeed，that he attended Queen Victoria as her pe
21、rsonal physician.But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera .This was the deadly disease of its day.Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.John Snow wanted to face the chal
22、lenge and solve this problem.He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people.The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air.A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found i
23、ts victims.The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.So when another outbreak hit Lon
24、don in 1854，he was ready to begin his enquiry.As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods，he began to gather information.In two particular streets，the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.He was determined to find out why.First he marked on a map th
25、e exact places where all the dead people had lived.This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease.Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers 16，37，38 and 40).He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Stre
26、et)had had no deaths.He had not foreseen this，so he made further investigations.He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump.It seemed that the water was to blame.Next，John Snow looked into the sour
27、ce of the water for these two streets.He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London.He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used.Soon afterwards the disease slowed down.He had shown that chole
28、ra was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.In another part of London，he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.A woman，who had moved away from Broad Street，liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every
29、day.Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water.With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the germs.To prevent this from happening again，John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined.The water
30、 companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more.Finally “King Cholera” was defeated.课文译文约翰斯诺战胜“霍乱王”约翰斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生他的确医术精湛，因而成了维多利亚女王的私人大夫。但当他一想到要帮助(那些)受到霍乱威胁的普通百姓，他就感到很振奋。霍乱在当时是致命的疾病。人们既不知道它的病源，也不了解它的治愈方法。所以每次霍乱暴发时，就有成千上万对之感到害怕的人病死。约翰斯诺想面对这个挑战并解决这个问题。他知道直到找到病源，霍乱才能被控制住。他对两种
31、可能解释霍乱如何致人死亡的看法产生了兴趣。第一种看法是霍乱病毒在空气中繁殖。一股危险的气体到处飘动，直到找到它的受害者为止。第二种看法是人们是在吃饭时把这种病毒引入体内的。疾病从胃里迅速侵及全身，患者很快就死亡了。约翰斯诺认为第二种看法是正确的，但是他需要证据。因此，在1854年伦敦再次暴发霍乱时，他就准备开始他的调查。当霍乱在贫民区迅速蔓延时，他就开始收集资料。(他发现)在两条特别的街上这种疫情很严重，以至于10天之内有500多人死去。他决定查明原因。首先他在一张地图上标记了所有死者曾经住过的精确地点。这给他提供了一条关于该疾病病因的有价值的线索。许多死者生前住在宽街的水泵附近(特别是16、37、3
