1、初中英语基础语法总复习1新目标初中英语总复习资料精品讲义（一）词汇一名词 可数名词1. 单数可用a/an或one来修饰可数名词单数(在元音发音开头的单词前用an，辅音发音开头用a )2. 复数的构成方法：1）一般在后面加s。如：fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas2）x, sh, ch, s, tch后加es。如：boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes3）a）以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es 如：baby-babies, family-families, duty-du
2、ties, comedy-comedies, documentary-documentaries, story-stories b）以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s。如：day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, ways4）以o结尾加s（外来词）。如：radios, photos, 但如是辅音加o的加es：如: tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯5）以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es(s)。如：knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yo
3、urselves6）单复数相同（不变的）有：fish, sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese例：a/one deer two deer three deer.7）一般只有复数，没有单数的有：people, pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, clothes, socks,这些名词作主语时，同学们应特别注意它们的谓语，用复数。 如：My clothes are (be) newer than yours. 8） 特殊形式的有：tooth-teeth，footfeet, mousemice, childchildren，man-me
4、n，woman-women，policemanpolicemen，FrenchmanFrenchmen请区别：German(德国人)Germans9）合成的复数一般只加主要名词，多数为后一个单词。如：action movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals(笔友); 但如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数则同时为复数。如：man doctor-men doctors, woman teacher-women teachers10）有的单复数意思不同。如：fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类, paper纸 papers报纸，卷子，论文, work工作 wo
5、rks作品，工厂, glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼镜, orange桔子水 oranges橙子, light光线 lights灯, people人 peoples民族, time时间 times时代, 次数, chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡11)可用how many，many，a few，few，several，a lot of，lots of，some，any等来修饰可数名词复数。 不可数名词1.常见的不可数名词有：water，rice，fish，meat，等。应特别记medicine, news, work, homework, housework, money,
6、chalk, weather, cotton, wood. 2.有些名词看似复数形式，实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的，应特别加以记忆。如：news(消息)，maths(数学)，physics(物理) No news is good news. 3.不可数名词无复数，作主语时常看成单数。如：Some bread_is_over there.(be) 4.不可数名词“量”的表示方法 (1)常用how much,much,a little,little,a lot of,some,any等来修饰 注意：a lot of/lots of, some, any 即可以修饰可数名词也可以修饰不可数名
7、词。(2)常用a piece of,a cup of等来表示不可数名词的量。如要表达“两片面包”这样的意义，bread仍为不可数名词，不加s，而piece则可加s。即：two pieces of bread 请区别：可数名词也可用量来表示， 如：三箱苹果three boxes of apples 名词的格 名词所有格的构成方法，在名词后加“ s”。如：TomToms译为“的”，若遇上以s结尾的复数名词，则在s后加“ ”即可。如：Teachers Day , twoweeks holiday，而不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，仍按惯例加s 。如：Childrens Day 关于名词所有格，应掌握以
8、下几点： 1.可用名词所有格表示地点。 如：my aunts 我姑姑家。 go to the doctors 去医生家。 2.表示两人共同拥有，在最后一个名词后加s。表示两人各自拥有，则分别加s 如：Lucy and Lilys room 露西和莉莉的房间（共同拥有的房间） Lucys and Lilys room 露西的房间和莉莉的房间（各自拥有的房间）二、冠词冠词分为不定冠词a,an和定冠词the,可数名词单数出现，泛指用不定冠词，特指用定冠词。一个可数名词的单数不能自己单独出现。 1、不定冠词的基本用法 (1)a用于读音以辅音开头的词前面，an用于读音以元音开头的词前面。 如：a uni
9、versity， a useful book， an umbrella， a horse， an honest man. (2)表示一个的含义。 Give me a pen please. (3)表示“每”的含义 We go shopping twice a week. We are allowed to drive at fifty miles an hour. We works five days a week. (4)泛指某个人或东西。 Yesterday we visited an English secondary school. She picked up a magazine a
10、nd began to read. (5)表示一类人。 He works as a language teacher in that university. As a writer，he is successful. Even a child can answer this question. (6) 名词前带有修饰性的形容词时 What a heavy snow! I read a story. It is an interesting story. Jim is an eight-year-old boy. 注意: 有一部分不可数名词前带有形容词时不加冠词 He has made rapi
11、d progress. Your friend is great fun. This is good news. I want to get new information. (7) 固定搭配 A lot of, a little, a few, a number of , have a walk, have a try, have a swim 2、定冠词的基本用法 (1)表示特指的人或东西。 Give me the magazine. The book on the table is an English dictionary. Do you know the man with a lon
12、g hair. (2)复述前文提到的人或东西。 Last week, I saw a flim. The film is about a love story between two middle-aged people. The old man saw a house in the field. He went into the house and found a beautiful girl sitting there and singing. (3)用于表示世界上独一无二的东西的名词前面。 the moon， the sun， the earth The moon moves aroud
13、 the earth. We have friends all over the world. Dont build castles in the air.(4)用于序数词、方位名词、形容词与副词的最高级前面，副词最高级前面的the 可以省略。 January is the first month of the year. The sun rises in the east. Among the three girls she speaks English the best. (5)用于姓氏的复数形式前，表示一家人或夫妇俩。 The Lius have moved to Guangzhou.
14、The Simths came to China for visit in 1996. (6)不可数名词前面通常不加定冠词，但若有限制性定语修饰，或表示特定部分、特定内容时，前面需加定冠词。 Drink some water. Is the water in the well fit for drink？ What do you think of the music？ He cant take the advice his mother gives him. (7)表示所有关系，相当于物主代词 John hit him in the face. (8)用于一些固定搭配中 In the morn
15、ing/afternoon/evening, in the end, by the way等等 3、不加冠词的基本规则 (1)季节、月份、日期、星期、节日前一般不加冠词。 If winter comes can spring be far behind？ School begins in September. We have few classes on Sunday. 10.1 is National Day. 注意：春节是 the Spring Festival (2)表示球类、棋类、三顿饭的名词前通常不加冠词，但乐器前需加定冠词。 What did you have for lunch？
16、 Lets go and watch them play chess. My elder brother likes to play football. The boys are learnig to play the guitar/piano/violin. (3)当bike, car, bus, train, boat, ship, plane等与by连用，表示一种交通手段时，不用冠词。 by bike, by car, by bus, by train, by boat, by ship, by plane 但当这些名词特指某一交通工具时，则要与冠词连用 Tom went out on
17、a bike. Tom takes a bus to the school. (4) 学科前不加冠词 I like English, but I dont like Chinese. I like music.(当music特指某个音乐时加the) (5)国名前不加冠词 China is an old country with a long history. Britain is a European country. (6)有些固定词组中的名词前不加冠词。 at noon at night at dawn at midnight in town go home(7)在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠
18、词意思不同，请注意区别：in front of 在前面 in the hospital 在医院里 in the front of 在范围内的前部 in hospital (生病)住院 go to school 去上学 go to the school 去这个学校in class 在课堂上 in the class 在班级里in bed 卧床休息 in the bed 在床上三、数词 1.基数词变序数词（序数词常与定冠词the 连用）。其规律为： 1,2,3特殊记，加th从4起 (first,second,third,fourth) 8少t，9去e，千万别忘记 (eighth,ninth) 逢5
19、逢12，ve变f (fifth,twelfth) 20到90，y要变ie (twentieth,ninetieth) 若是几十几，前基后序别倒位 (ninety-first) 2.hundred,thousand,million 在构成具体的数字时用单数形式。 如：five hundred people. 只有在表达笼统的多数时才加s，构成复数形式。 hundreds of 数以百计的，成百上千的 thousands of 数以千计的，成千上万的 millions of 数百万的 这些词组前不能用具体数字。 3. 钟点表达法。 顺读法(钟点分钟) 如：4:30 four thirty 4:45
20、 four forty-five 4:15 four fifteen 倒读法(分钟topast钟点) 如：4:30 half past four 4:15 fifteen past foura quarter past four 4:45 fifteen to fivea quarter to five 4. 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式，中间加连字符An 8-year-old girl A ten-minute walk 四.代词1、人称代词主格和宾格的区别：主格通常位于句中第一个动词之前，宾格一般位于动词或介词之后。2、物主代词形容词性与名词性的区别：形容词性用时后面一般要
21、带上名词，名词性则单独使用，后面不带名词。如：These books arent ours. Our books are new. (这里ours=our books) This is not our room. Ours is over there. (这里ours=our room) 人称代词物主代词主格宾格形容词性名词性我Ime我的mymine你，你们youyou你的，你们的youryours他hehim他的hishis她sheher她的herhers它itit它的itsits我们weus我们的ourours他（她，它）们theythem他（她，它）们的theirtheirs3. 反身代
22、词: myself 、yourself 、himself 、herself 、itself 、ourselves 、yourselves 、themselves 固定结构：enjoy oneself=have a good time (过得很愉快) by oneself=alone (单独、独自)help oneself to (随便吃/喝 些.) learn sth. by oneself =teach oneself sth. (自学) 4.不定代词: something, anything, nothing, somebody, anybody, nobody当形容词或else修饰前三个
23、不定代词时，常后置。 如：something new, anything else5. 指示代词：this（单数）/these（复数） 是近指That（单数）/those(复数) 是远指6.另外，还要注意代词some/any, all/none, both/neither, either (1)some（一些，某） 一般用于肯定句中 注：some有时也可用于表示请求的疑问句中。 any（任何） 多用于疑问句和否定句 Will you give me some water? Would you like some meat? May I ask some questions? Could I h
24、ave some apples? (2)all “(全部)都” 表示三者或三者以上， none “没有”表示三者或三者以上都不，后常跟介词of 如： We are all from Canada. = All of us are from Canada. None of us is/are afraid of dogs.（单、复数均可） (3)both “（两者）都” ,作主语时，看作复数；作定语时，后跟名词复数。 either “两者中任何一个” ,作主语时，谓语用第三人称单数;作定语时，后跟名词单数。 neither “(两者)都不”,含有否定意义，用法同either。 如： They b
25、oth swim well. Both of them swim well. There are trees on both sides of the street. = There are trees on either side of the street. Neither of us is going to Beijing next week. Neither answer is right. 五、形容词 副词形容词：quick different firm cheap fortunate副词(副词一般是由形容词加-ly构成)： quickly differently firmly ch
26、eaply fortunately注意：friendly（友好的）是形容词 大多数的形容词、副词都有三个等级： 原级 比较级 最高级 （1）1. 比较级和最高级的构成：规则变化单音节词和少数双音节词: 一般情况 加er或est， clever-cleverer-cleverest 以字母e结尾 加r或st nice-nicer-nicest 双写加er或est big-bigger-biggest hot-hotter-hottest以辅音字母加y结尾 变y为i加er或est early-earlier-earliest 部分双音节和多音节词 在词前加more, most slowly-mor
27、e slowly-most slowly 2.不规则变化（两好多坏，一少老远）： good/well-better-best many/much-more-most bad/badly/ill-worse-worst little-less-least old-older/elder-oldest/eldest far-farther/further-farthest/furthest (2)常见的使用情况 1.原级：as as 和.一样 原级的否定形式 not as(so) as 和.不一样 2.形容词比较级：主语+be+形容词比较级+than Tom is（much）taller than
28、 Jim. 副词比较级：主语+实义动词+副词形容词+than Tom runs（much）faster than Jim. 注意：a.可用much, a little, even, still等修饰比较级。b.比较级+and+比较级 意为“越来越.eg: wetter and wetter, more and more beautiful c.The+比较级，the+比较级 越.就越. eg:The more, the better. 越多越好d.在比较级中为了避免重复，在than后常用one,that,those等词来替代前面提到过的名词。eg:The weather here is war
29、mer than that of Shanghai. 3.形容词最高级：主语+be+the+形容词最高级+单数名词+in/of+范围Winter is the coldest season of the year. This is the best film that I have ever seen . 副词最高级：主语+实义动词+（the）+副词最高级+in/of+范围I jump (the) farthest in my class. 注意点：形容词最高级前一定要用the,副词最高级前可省略。 特殊句型：a.主语+be+one of the+形容词最高级+复数名词+in/of Beiji
30、ng is one of the largest cities in China. b.特殊疑问词+be+the+最高级+甲，乙，or丙？ Which county is the largest, China, Brazil or Canada?Which season do you like (the) best, spring, summer or artumn? 4.副词enough的用法：enough+名词 例如：She is old enough to go to school. 她够上学的年龄了。 5.So和such的区别：such 修饰名词 eg: such a big box，
31、 so 修饰形容词、副词so big 六 介词 （1）in1. in 1996 / in 2002 / in 1847（年份）2. in October / in February / in March （月份）3. in spring / in summer / in autumn / in winter （季节）4. in a week / in a year 在1周 / 年中5. in the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening 在上午 / 下午 / 晚上in those days 在当时 / in no time 立刻 / in the daytime 在白天 / in the future 在将来 / in one
