1、专题七 写作第二节概要写作专题七写作第二节概要写作新高考命题探究以浙江卷3年高考为例项目卷别写作文体命题类型材料词数主题范围2019年6月议论文限制性写作342人与自我父母如何恰当地表扬孩子2018年11月说明文限制性写作345人与自我高三学生提前探访报考的大学浙江高考样题议论文限制性写作296人与自我对皮肤污垢的不同观点1写作要求概要写作提供一篇 350 词以内的短文，要求学生基于该短文写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。考生在理解该任务要求时应把握三点：基于原文，即用自己的话再述文章所要表达的中心意思，切不可添加自己的观点。60 词左右(4080词)，即语言要简洁、精炼。内容概要，即既要涵盖文
2、章的全部要点，又不能出现与文章主题不太相关的细枝末节。2选材特点所选材料体裁没有限制，以说明文和议论文为主。文章结构清楚，文字比较书面化，句子结构较复杂。难度较大，其难度高于阅读理解的文章。3命题特点概要写作属于限制性写作，它是阅读理解和书面表达的有机结合。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。4考查特点概要写作以语篇为载体，要求考生对所提供的文本进行简要的概括。考生需在理解文章、把握文章中心意思的基础上进行信息整合。故该题型考查学生的综合语言运用能力，即阅读能力、分析查找能力、逻辑思维能力、
3、理解判断能力及概括能力等。5评分参考阅卷时主要考虑以下内容：(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；(3)上下文的连贯性；(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。注意：理解准确，涵盖全部要求，完全使用自己的语言，准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇，得分相应比较高。相反，如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象，得分档次将会大大降低；所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。A(2019年6月浙江高考)Parents everywhere praise their kids.Jenn Berman，author of The A to
4、Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids, says, “Weve gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.”By giving kids a lot of praise, parents think theyre building their childrens confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite.Too much praise can b
5、ackfire and, when given in a way thats insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents praise has put them.Still, dont go too far in the other direction.Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much.Kids
6、 will feel like theyre not good enough or that you dont care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity.If praise is sincere and focused on the effort no
7、t the outcome，you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward.“We should especially recognize our childrens efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal，” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear：Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really
8、Matters.“One thing to remember is that its the process not the end product that matters.”Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team.But if hes out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses.Praising the effort and not t
9、he outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report.But whatever it is, praise should be given on a casebycase basis and be proportionate (相称的) to the amount of effort your child has put into it.【文章大意】Paragraph 1：主要介绍了父母从过去
10、批评孩子到现在过度表扬孩子，而过度的表扬也会对孩子造成伤害。Paragraph 2：主要论述了在批评与表扬孩子方面不要走极端。Paragraph 3：主要论述了什么是高质量的表扬，对孩子的表扬要真诚，并且注重孩子努力的过程而不是只关注结果。Paragraph 4：归纳总结，点名表扬应遵循的原则，也就是鼓励与表扬应该与其付出努力的程度成正比。【参考范文】It is no easy job to educate children.Parents are wrong from strict discipline in the past to excessive praise today.(要点1)
11、Considerable praise helps to encourage children to make progress, but dont go from one extreme to the other.(要点2)Highquality praise should focus on childrens efforts, rather than on results.(要点3) The principle for dealing with praise is to consider the link between praise and effort.(要点4)B(浙江高考样题)Ge
12、tting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing.However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the
13、 skin and let ills in.A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths.By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom.So did the King of England in 1546.Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way.Henry IV, King of France, w
14、as famously dirty.Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the King ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.Though the belief in the merit(好处) of dirt was longlived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century.Scientific
15、ally speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health.Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease.Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War .Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: Clothes need to be whiter than white, clot
16、hs ever softer, surfaces to shine.Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays.Many firsttime parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease.On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American
17、 immunologist (免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system.And the latter (后者) position is gaining some ground.【文章大意】Paragraph 1：在大多数人看来，去除污垢是一件好事。然而，对于污垢的态度并不是一成不变的。Paragraph 2：历史上很长一段时间，生活在欧洲的一些国家的人们认为皮肤上的污垢能够保护他们免于生病。Paragraph 3：然而，大约200年前人们开始改变他们的态度，去除污垢可以使我
18、们保持健康。Paragraph 4：如今，人们对污垢的态度仍然有很大的不同。免疫学家鼓励孩子们去接触污垢，因为这样可以帮助他们建立强大的免疫系统。【参考范文】People have mixed opinions about dirt on our skin.(要点1) For a long time in history, people living in some European countries like France believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.(要点2) However, people began to
19、change their attitudes towards dirt about 200 years ago.People have been informed that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.(要点3) Yet, some scientists believe that being exposed to some dirt may help our immune system.(要点4)概要写作实质上是对所给文章的简要概括。要求考生在阅读过程中，准确地把握文章大意，弄清不同体裁的文章内部之间的逻辑关系，提取文章要点和关键
20、词语。英语概要写作的写作过程是建立在阅读原材料基础之上的，其写作过程要根据阅读时列出的提纲，清晰、准确、简洁地呈现原文的主旨。因此，概要写作的关键是： 1读懂原文是关键在写概要之前，一定要对文章认真阅读，确保理解文章的主旨、文章的结构、各段的段意。在阅读文章的时候，要善于发现核心词和高频词。这些词汇是概要写作的基础和核心。2以自然段为概括的基础以自然段为基础概括会帮助我们不遗漏信息，也能帮助判断主要信息。当然，以自然段为基础概括并不是说一个自然段一定是一个要点。有时几个自然段说明一个要点。有时也有一个自然段包含数个要点。3细节信息不需要过于详细细节性的信息如列举数字，举例，过渡句等信息不必一一
21、列出。4核心词不必替换核心词是文章的心脏，一般不宜换成其他词。5写作时句式多样化概要写作书面化程度比较高，因此可以酌情选择使用从句、非谓语等结构，但句子结构不可过长，也不要使用太过复杂的句子结构。6使用多种句式转换如：主动被动的互换，反向转换(主语和宾语互换)，从句和非谓语动词的转换等。原题呈现阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。(2018年11月浙江高考)Its a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound
22、 the same.Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus (校园) like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms，classrooms and athletic equipment and，of course，the students.It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college cam
23、puses，and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away.But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life，and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.Theres no excuse not to visit the
24、 schools in your local area.In fact，a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus，and obviously，if you live across the country that wont be as much of a possibility，but if you live nearby，go check it out!If campus visits arent going to happen before you apply，at the very least yo
25、u should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools youd like to attend.It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you dont like about certain campuses，things that you wouldnt know unless you actually visit.Now，if time and mon
26、ey are making it impossible，then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive.Its a chance to chat online with admissions officers，students，and college counselors (顾问)，and it wont cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at .While visiting an online college fair cant t
27、ake the place of an actual campus visit，it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities youd like to attend.写作指导第一步审题1审体裁：说明文2审人称：第二人称3审时态：一般现在时和一般将来时为主第二步查找段落主题句和关键词，了解段落大意第一段：主题句为第一句：Its a really good
28、 idea to visit colleges before you apply.关键词：visit colleges before you apply，接下来的内容就是列举你要参观所申请的大学的各种理由。第二段：主题句为第一句：Theres no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area.关键词：visit the schools in your local area，接下来的内容就是解释你为什么要近水楼台先得月。第三段：主题句为第一句：If campus visits arent going to happen before yo
29、u apply，at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools youd like to attend.关键词：find some time to visit the schools youd like to attend.接下来就是解释，如果不未雨绸缪，到真正报考的时候就会麻烦不断。第四段：主题句为第一句：Now，if time and money are making it impossible，then
30、 check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive.关键词：check out the online college fairs。本段主要讲述的是网上大学博览会也是一种了解大学从而帮你做出明智选择的有效工具。第三步草拟要点并连接紧紧围绕段落主题句和关键词进行要点提炼，然后把提炼后的要点进行汇总，最后再用适当的连接词加以连接，这样文章概要就完成了。第四步检查誊写【名师点津】概要写作四项基本原则1概要写作时，一定不要使用第一人称。2概要写作时，一定不可加入自己的观点。3概要写作时，一定不可对原文内容加以评论。4概要写作时，一定不要引入与原文
31、内容无关的信息。【考场范文1】It can help you make a right decision to visit the college that you are going to attend before you apply.(要点1)If you live near to the college，you should find a chance to visit it to reduce much trouble afterwards.(要点2) If you have no enough money or time to go，at least you should comm
32、unicate online with those people who are familiar with the college.(要点3)本概要写作对原文的内容进行了高度概括，并运用了三个复合句将文章浓缩成三个要点表达出来，从而形成了要点突出、中心明确、忠实原文的好文章 。语言上的最大特色就是高级词汇和句型的恰当使用，如高级语块communicate with，be familiar with等；高级句型如要点1(it为形式主语，to visit.为真正主语；that引导定语从句；before引导时间状语从句)。美中不足之处是两个if条件句略显表达单一，如果第二个if条件句用非谓语Having no.来表达，语言会更优美。【考场范文2】As a senior year student，its n
