1、英语高考一轮复习语法知识大全否定一、概述否定是英语中重要的语言现象，英语中的否定结构形式丰富多样，有部分否定、全部否定、双重否定、半否定等以及形式上肯定而意义上否定、形式上否定而意义上肯定和否定语气转移等。本章将着力探讨上述诸类现象。二、常用否定表示法1、部分否定当代词或副词，如：all、both、every、everybody、everyone、everything、every day、entirely、always、everywhere、altogether、completely、absolutely等与not搭配连用时，表示否定，意为“并非都，不是每个都，不是总是，表示完全”。如：Bot
2、h of the two boys are not students. =Not both of the two boys are students.这个句子是个典型的部分否定，意为“并非这两个男孩都是学生”。不可译为“这两个男孩都不是学生”如果要表达此层含义，应说：Neither of the two boys is a student.All is not gold that glitters. =Not all is gold that glitters.发光的不都是金子。Everybody cant arrive on time. =Not everybody can arrive o
3、n time.并不是每个人都按时到达的。Everything doesnt go well with the man. =Not everything goes well with the man.这个男的并不是一切都顺利。The rich are not always happy.富人并非总是幸福的。Not every person is kind.并非所有的人都很善良。I dont altogether think it is a good plan.我并不完全认为这是好的计划。His answer isnt entirely wrong.他的答案并非完全是错的。对部分否定要注意以下两点：
4、当全称代词如上述的all、both、everybody、everyone、everything在部分否定句中作主语时，否定词not可放在全称代词前，也可放在谓语动词前，含义相同。如：Not all can pass the test.相当于All cant pass the test.均表示“并不是所有的人都能通过这次测试”。如果要把部分否定变为全部否定，要把上述代词或副词作相应变化，变为全部否定的代词或副词，相应地：bothneither、allnone、everybodynobody、everythingnothing、everyoneno one、everywherenowhere、al
5、waysnever等。如：No all have attended the meeting.（部分否定：并非所有人都参加会议）None have attended the meeting.（全部否定：没有人参加会议）The boy doesnt always do as his parents say.（部分否定：这个男孩并不总是按他父母说的去做）The boy never does as his parents say.（全部否定：这男孩从不按他父母说的去做）2、全部否定英语中表示全部否定时常用no、not、none、nobody、nothing、nowhere、neither、never等
6、去表达。如：No people can go above the law.He didnt come to school in the afternoon.Nobody can enter without permission.Nowhere can you find such a beautiful park.He has never been to Beijing.正确理解和辨别部分否定和全部否定非常重要，有利于正确理解和翻译。试比较：I dont hear anything about the new plan.（相当于I hear nothing about the new plan.
7、）（全部否定：我没听说任何关于这个新计划的风声。）I dont hear everything about the new plan.（部分否定：我并没有全面听说关于这个新计划的一些风声。）He doesnt like all of the flowers.（部分否定：他并非喜欢所有的花）He likes none of the flowers.（全部否定：这些花他都不喜欢）I cant work out both of the questions.（部分否定：我不能把这两个问题都解决了）I can work out neither of the questions.（全部否定：这两个问题我都
8、不能解决）3、双重否定汉语中双重否定便表示肯定，英语中同样如此，双重否定意义肯定，双重否定即同一个句子里出现两个否定词，即否定之否定。双重否定句表示的意思是肯定的，通常比肯定句的语气重要，翻译时可以译成肯定形式，也可以保持双重否定的形式。如：No one never makes a mistake.（人人都会犯错或没有人从来不犯错）It is not impossible to learn to drive within a month.（在一个月内学会开车不是不可能的）He doesnt give help to nobody in trouble.（有困难的人他都帮助）You cant m
9、ake something out of nothing.（巧妇难为无米之炊）Nothing is impossible to happen in the world.（世上任何事都能发生）用于表示双重否定的词，结构还有：nonot（不不）、no（not）without（不不）、nobut（没有不）、cannot but（不得不）、cannot help doing（情不自禁）、cant help but do（不得不）、nothing less than（正是）、none but（除外别无）、no choice/alternative but（除以外别无选择）、not seldom（常常）、
10、not unhappy（高兴）、theres no doubt/denying/question that（毫无疑问）等。4、半否定半否定表示几乎否定或近于否定，常用的这类表示几乎否定的词有little/few（很少，一点儿）、barely（仅仅，几乎不）、hardly（几乎不，简直不）、rarely（很少）、scarcely（几乎没有，简直不）、seldom（不常，很少）等。如：There is little milk left in the bottle.I can hardly understand what the professor said.He little knows that
11、 he has made a big mistake.Scarcely ways can solve the problem.I seldom surf the internet.5、形式上否定而意义上肯定英语中有些结构看上去形式上好像是否定，但实质内容上表示肯定的含义，要特别关注此类结构的特殊含义。（1）cannot+比较级表示“不能再怎么样了”。如：The answer cant be better.这个答案好的不能再好了。The boy cant run faster.这个男孩跑得快地不能再快了。（2）cannottoo表示“越越，再也不为过”，cannot也可换为can hardly（
12、scarcely, never），too也可改为over、enough等。如：You cannot be too careful when walking across the road.The teacher cant praise him too highly.We can hardly love our parents too much.We can never have friends too many.I cant thank you enough.（3）no（nobody）but意为“都，没有不，只有才”。如：There is no rule but has its excepti
13、on.Nobody enters the college but is strongly impressed.注意：这种用法中but作为关系代词引导定语从句，相当于that（which，who）not，如上述There is no rule but has its exception.相当于There is no rule that doesnt have its exception.在疑问词或否定词后面but均有否定意义，不论作为代词还是连词均表示双重否定，即表示肯定含义。如：No one thinks that his words are true.没有人认为他说的话是真的。（否定）No
14、one thinks but his words are true.没有人认为他说的话不是真的或人人都相信他说的话是真的。（肯定）There is no one who knows the secret.没有人知道这个秘密。（否定）There is no one but knows the secret.没有人不知道这个秘密或人人都知道这个秘密。（肯定）（4）never（not）but（that）意为“每当总会”，相当于not/neverwithout doing，but（that）可以引导名词性从句、定语从句、条件状语从句、结构状语从句。如：I never (dont) see the pi
15、cture but I recall the old days.相当于I never (dont) see the picture without recalling the old days.我每当看到这张照片，都会回忆起过去的时光。It never rains but it pours.祸不单行。You cant make progress but (that) you make great efforts.相当于You cant make progress unless you make great efforts.或You cant make progress if you dont
16、make great efforts.你如果不付出努力，你将不会取得进步。The man is not such a fool but knows the way.这个男的还不至于蠢到不认识路。（结果状语从句）But (that) you helped me, I would have died.（条件状语从句，主句要用虚拟语气，这里的but that用法相当于but for）（5）more often than not意为“常常，通常”，相当于as often as not。如：He goes to school late more often than not.（6）It was all（
17、that）sb could do not to do这种结构表示“很难，不得不”。如：It was all that he could do not to listen to his fathers suggestions.It was all she could do not to laugh at the news.（7）cant keep from和cant refrain from意为“禁不住，不得不”。如：The mother cant help from worrying about his son.The man cant refrain from agreeing with t
18、he majority.（8）否定词+without意为“没有便没有，不是没有”。如：There is no wave without wind.The police catch the man not without any evidence.（9）否定词+till/until/before意为“直到才”。如：He didnt worry about his exam till/until/before the result came out.（10）否定句+and+否定谓语这种结构表示“只要就”。如：No one will make progress and not make effort
19、s. =Every one will make progress if they make efforts.One cant drive and not learn it. =Anybody that learns it can drive.（11）疑问句+and+否定谓语这种结构表示“只要就，只要能不”。如：Can you see the film and not be moved. =Can you not be moved when you see the film.以上两种情况都可把后面的否定谓语看作并列谓语进行理解。（12）否定修辞性问句表示肯定形式否定的修辞性问句表示非常强烈的肯定
20、。如：Cant man change the world? （相当于Man can change the world.）What has the man not suffered?（13）否定感叹句表示肯定Isnt it a good plan!What bad crimes can the criminal not commit!（14）否定形式表示肯定含义的常见短语nothing but与none but均表示“仅仅，只有，只才”与nothing other than同义；nothing but后接非指人的名词，none but后接指人的名词或非指人的名词。如：I can eat noth
21、ing but a piece of bread in the morning.We can do nothing but wait.None but the man can operate the machine in the factory.He likes none but red.nothing else than表示“完全，就是”。如：The accident was caused by nothing else than his carelessness.no（none）other than表示“正是，仅仅”。如：It is no other than the boy that b
22、roke the glass.He is none other than my father.no otherwise than表示“只是，不会其他”相当于only。如：He is no other wise interested than in English.The boy does no other wise than pass the exam by cheating.nothing of not表示肯定的含义，相当于very、much、extremely等，多用来强调作表语的形容词或名词。如：He is, nothing if not, careful.She is, nothing
23、 if not, a doctor.not a little、not a few、no little、no few、no small等表肯定含义。not a little=no little=quite a little=muchnot a few=no few=quite a few=manyonly a little=but a little=littleonly a few=but a few=fewno small=greatno common=peculiarnot a bit=not at all, not in the least如：I dont like the food a
24、little.In the past, he gave me quite a little help.The plan is of no little importance.He has not a few/no few/quite a few friends.To my no small pride, I got the first place in the game.Theres only a little/but a little /little milk left in the bottle.The family has only a few/but a few/few relativ
25、es.I dont like it a bit.not the least和not the least of sth表示肯定含义，表示“尤其最重要的”。He has many good characters not the least is his good humor.His career is not the least of his success.6、形式上肯定，意义上否定英语中某些结构形式上是肯定的，而意义上却是否定的，要特别注意此类结构的特殊含义。（1）more thancan此结构表示否定相当于can not，意为“不能，无法，难以”。如：Thats more than I ca
26、n tell you.The noise is more than I can tolerate.Her beauty is more than words can describe.（2）more than one can help意为“尽量不，绝对不”，相当于as little as possible。如：Dont take risks more than you can help.He never tries difficult problems more than he can help.（3）比较级+than + to + v意为“不至于，知道不该”。如：The police wer
27、e wiser than to believe what the criminal said.I know better than to get close to the tiger.（4）have yet to + v这种结构相当于have not yet +过去分词。如：He has yet to return. =He hasnt yet returned.The students have yet to understand the question fully. =The students havent yet understood the question fully.7、由名词、
28、动词（短语）、形容词、副词短语、介词（短语）引起的否定因为英语中一些词本身就表达否定的含义，所以单个词或短语便可引起否定。（1）名词引起的否定常见的这类词有：exception、exclusion、neglect、failure、refusal、lack、shortage、ignorance、loss、absence等。如：In absence of the evidence, the police cant confirm.The driver broke the traffic rules in ignorance of the traffic lights.This failure ma
29、de him confident.（2）动词或动词短语引起的否定常见的词有：miss、lose、deny、refuse、negate、fail、exclude、neglect、forbid、refrain、from、lose sight of、keep up with（不落后）、savefrom（使不受）、to say nothing of（更不用说）、not to mention（更不用说）、keep off（不接近）、turn a deaf ear to（拒绝听）、fall short of（缺乏、不足）。如：Unfortunately, I missed the first train
30、in the morning.Dont neglect any detail about the research.The man saved the girl from being drown.Many villages fall short of drinking water.（3）形容词引起的否定常见的词有：far from、short of、absent from、independent of、ignorance of、free from（of）、blind to、deaf to、less than等。如：His lecture is far from wonderful.Anybod
31、y shouldnt be absent from the meeting.We must learn to be independent of our parents.the least或the last表示否定，后接不定式或定语从句作定语，表示“最不可能，最不愿意”。如：He is the last man to do harm to others.That is the least of her mothers worries.（4）介词或介词短语引起的否定常见的词有：without、beyond、past、instead of、in the dark、at a loss、in spite of、but for、beside、but、except、out of、out of the question等。如：The man is still in the dark about his illness.Go hiking in rainy days is out of the question.Without your help, I couldnt solve the p
