1、这段时期大约始于公元前35，000 年而结束于公元前10，000 年。7. For several hundred years， cases have been reported of children who have been reared in the wild by animals kept isolated from all social contact.在过去的几百年中，已经有记载说，确实有被动物养大的与世隔绝的狼孩的存在。另外，翻译成汉语时还要注意未省略关系代词和关系副词的定语从句，翻译时所遵守的原则和上述的一样：关系代词引导的定语从句：8.He is the very pers
2、on （whom） Im looking for.他正是我要找的人。9.This is the flexible policy that our government has pursued consistently. 这就是我们政府一直追求的灵活政策。10.Those whose families cannot afford board and expenses can be allowed to receive scholarship.那些家里提供不起食宿的学生可以得到奖学金。11.There are forms that occasionally occur which should n
3、ot be taught to students.有些形式是不能告诉给学生的。关系副词引导的定语从句：12.I took Mr. John to the village ， where I had spent my carefree childhood. 我把约翰先生带到我度过无忧无虑童年的乡村。13.I still remember the time when we studied in the same university.我还记得我们一起上大学的日子。具体翻译来说，定语从句的翻译可分为限制性和非限制性定语从句两种，翻译成汉语时不论是在语序方面还是重复先行词方面都有一定的讲究：限制性定语
4、从句的翻译可分为以下几方面：1.前置：这种定语从句一般比较短，翻译起来比较方便，和汉语的词序完全一样，例如：a.This is the finest weather that I have ever seen this month.这是这个月我所看到的最好的天气。b.Our two countries are neighbors whose friendship is of long standing. 我们两国是友谊长存的友好邻邦。c.Teachers generally like the students who achieve high scores in tests.老师通常喜欢考试中
5、成绩好的学生。d.他不是一个轻易服输的人He is not the one who will give up easily.以上的这些例子告诉我们，如果定语很短的话，我们可以把他象汉语一样放在中心词的前面。但是，有的时候，如果定语太长，读起来就不符和汉语的习惯，因此，往往要后置，重复先行词，这就是下面要提到的定语从句的“后置”问题，例如：2.后置：a. Misers are often lonely and obscure men whose wealth is revealed only after their death.吝啬鬼经常是看起来年很孤单、不为人所主意，可他们的财富只有等到他们死
6、了以后才暴露出来。3.“综合性”的翻译法。综合性“的翻译就是，翻译时不需要关系词，其中的关系完全靠上下文的意思来表现出来，例如：a.This is the place where the accident occurred.这就是发生交通事故的地方。b.The person who delivered the letter to him is his neighbor. 他的邻居把信交给了他。c. There is a big oak tree that stands just in front of the village.村子前面有棵大象树d.Most of our patients we
7、lcomed another human being with whom they could talk openly，honestly， and frankly about their trouble. 大多数病人想找人坦率、诚实地倾诉他们的苦衷。非限制性定语从句：这里，也可以分为以下几种：a. We need a chairman ， in whom everyone has confidence 我们需要一个人人都信赖的主席。b.The worldly well-known actor， who had been ill for two years ， meet thunderstorm
8、 applause when reappeared on the stage.那个病了很多年的著名演员，一上台观众就报以雷鸣般的掌声。c. Piccaso， whose works inspired many artists， lived until he was a ripe old age.毕加索的作品曾鼓励了很多人，后来年纪很大时，作品也日趋成熟。这里包括：重复先行词，译成并列分句。这是比较常见的翻译方法：a.He deposits a little sum of money in the bank ， by which means he hopes to deal with any p
9、otential emergency easily.我们每个月都在银行里存一些钱，这样，碰到有任何危机时，我们就可以应付了。b. A table has four legs， one of which is broken.桌子有四条腿，其中的一条腿是坏的。c. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems ， of which obtaining water is not the least. 生活在澳大利亚中部有很多问题，其中取水还不算最艰苦的。d.He decided to resign， which is the bes
10、t thing he could do under the circumstances.他决定辞职，而这是他目前所能做的最好的事。e.He is late for class today， as is often the case.他今天迟到了，而这是经常的事。以上的句子在翻译成汉语后，要重复先行词。其中的“which ”可以是指前面的整个句子，也可以单指某个先行词。3.省略先行词这种句行就象前面讲的“综和性”翻译一样，直接把整个句子的意思讲出来，例如：a.The two universities signed an agreement， under which they would exch
11、ange students and scholars. 这两个大学，签定了协议，决定交换学生和学者。b.He caught a young soldier coming to the farmhouse ， whose face turned pale for too much loss of blood. 他看见一个士兵走进农舍，脸色因失血过多而苍白。c. He passed the exam ， which can be read from his the light on his face.我从他脸上就可以看出他已通过了考试。d. He arrived at the railway st
12、ation in time， which is expected .他果然准时到了火车站。4.译成状语从句有些作定语的句子听起来却有点象状语从句，因此翻译时可以将其译成状语似的从句：a.You should take advantage of the opportunity to learn English well， which is very valuable. （原因）你应该利用这个机会好好学习英语，这太重要了。b.We examine the quality of our products， which is why they are so reliable. （原因）我们检验产品很仔
13、细，因此产品都很可靠。c.I never believe the stories ， which is appealing.（让步）我从不相信他所说的故事，即使它很动听。5.“as”引导的句子：除了以上这些例子以外，还有一些特殊的由“as”引导的句子，翻译时可参考“as”的比较结构从句：a. He is not such as fool as he looks 他并不象看上去的那么傻。b. They were not such questions as could easily be disposed of. 这些问题可不是那么容易就能处理好的。c. It wasnt such a good
14、dinner as she had promised us.这顿饭可没有她向我们说的那么好直译与意译直译是基础，意译是补充能直译就尽量直译，不能直译就采取意译1. Their accent couldnt fool a native speaker. A. 他们的口音不能愚弄本地人B.本地人是不会听不出他们是外乡人的。C.本地人一听他们的口音便知道他们是外乡人的。2. Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful ， nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.意
15、译：砸镜子并不能解决实际问题。直译：砸镜子并不能使丑八怪变漂亮，也不能使社会问题烟消云散。3.He felt a rush of fear churning his stomach.直译：他感到一阵恐惧涌上胃口意译：他感到一阵恐惧涌上心头4. He bent solely upon profit. A. 他只屈身与利润之前B.只有利润才使他低头。C.他惟利是图5. Would there be any possibility of having breakfast on the train before we are decanted in Munich ？A.当我们在慕尼黑被腾出车厢之前有任
16、何在火车上吃早饭的可能性吗？B.我们在慕尼黑被腾出车厢之前，有可能在火车上吃早饭吗？6. He had about as much chance of getting a job as of being chosen mayor of Chicago. A.他找到工作的机会和当选芝加哥市长的机会差不多B.他找到工作的机会简直跟当选芝加哥市长同样困难。C.他找到工作的机会简直微乎其微。正说与反说1.The administration was free corruption. 这届政府没有腐败现象2. Wet paint. 油漆未干3.I remained confused about the
17、problem.这个问题我还是不懂4. They are dependent on each other.他们谁也离不开谁5. He is far from what I expected.他远不是我想象的那样。6. let bygones be bygones.既往不咎7. As was expected， he passed the exam easily. 果不出所料，他轻而易举地通过了考试8.We will live up to what our Patty expects of us.我们决不辜负党对我们的期望。9. I hate the lack of privacy in the
18、 dormitory.我讨厌宿舍里没有独处的机会。10. You evidently think otherwise.你显然有不同的看法11. He will die of hunger before he will steal. 他宁愿饿死，也不愿去偷。12. That little bridge is anything but safe.那座桥一点也不安全。13. So far from taking my advice， he went and did just what I warned in ainit.他不但不听我的劝告，反而去做了我警告他不要做的事情。14. He was mor
19、e frightened than hurt. 他没有受什么伤，倒是受惊不小正说15. Dont unstring your shoes.把鞋带系上16. Ml the teachers ， without exception are to attend the meet Sunday. 所有的老师都要参加星期五的会议。17. She carne into the room without shoes on. 她光脚走进了房间。18. The doctor lost no tune in getting the sick man to hospital.医生立即把病人送往医院。19. I ha
20、ve no doubt that you will succeed.我相信你会成功。20. Its no distance at all to the school ， only a short walk. 从这到学校很近，只需要很短一段路。正、反说分析21.If he had kept his temper， the negotiations would probably have been a success.如果他克制脾气，谈判可能早就成功了。22.Some people refrain from expressing their gratitude because they feel
21、it will not be welcome. 有些人不愿意表达他们的感激之情，因为觉得着有可能不受欢迎。23. If you forward the transcripts yourself ， they can be considered official only if the school envelope has remained sealed. 如果证件由申请人本人递交，则本人不得擅自启封，否则证件将被视为无效。24. We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. 我们对生活要永远抱乐观的态度。25. We strong
22、ly disapprove of the company s new policy.我们强烈反对公司的新政策。拆句单词拆译26.Incidentally ， I suggest that you have the telephone moved to the sitting-room. 顺便说一句，我建议你把电话移至起居室。27.He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.他有个习惯叫人受不了，意思反复不定，一会一个主张。短语拆译28. Throughout his lif
23、e ， Benjamin Franklin continued his education， learning from human contacts as well as from books.本杰明。富兰克林整个一生都在受教育，他不仅从书本中学习，而且也从与人交往中学习。29. Energy can neither he created nor destroyed ， a universally accepted law.能量即不能创造也不能消灭，这是一条公认的规律。30. The meeting ended with protestations of friendship from ev
24、eryone. 会议结束，人人表示彼此将友好相处。31. His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.因为他没能遵守安全规则，机器出了故障。32. His weak chest predisposes him to winter colds. 他的肺部很弱，冬天容易感冒。33.He shook his head and his eyes were wide ， then narrowed in- indignation.他摇了摇头，两眼睁的圆圆的，接着有眯成一条线，
25、脸上露出了愤怒的神情。句子拆译这里主要指英语复合句，尤其是长句的拆译。34. He had left a note of welcome for me， as sunny as his face.他留下一封段信，对我表示欢迎，那信写的热情洋溢，一如其人。35. While I was waiting to enter university ， I saw advertised in a local newspaper a teaching post at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived. 当我等
26、着进大学期间，我在一份地方报纸上看到一则广告，说是在离我住处大约10英里的伦敦某郊区，有所学校要招聘一名教师。顺序法36. Your presumption that I would want to share a flat with you is false. 你认为我会和你同住一套公寓，那就错了 .37.Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged， biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively
27、in cognitive （认知的） areas such as attention and memory. 研究人员证实：人们在动脑筋时，头脑会产生很多的变化，使头脑在注意力和记忆力这类认知领域中更有效地活动38. During the ice ages ， human beings exposed to the colder temperatures of the time would often make their homes in caves. 在冰河时代，人们面临当时较为寒冷的气温，常常在洞穴里安家。逆序法39. It was extended and preserved in t
28、he 19th century ， when our nation spread across the continent ， saved the union， and abolished the awful scourge of slavery.在19世纪，我们的国家横跨大陆，拯救了联邦，废除了恐怖的奴隶制的蹂躏，这一信念才得以流传可扩展。40.By January 16， just a month after the beginning of the offensive on which Hitler had staked his last reserves in men and guns and ammunition ， the German forces were back to line from which they had set out.到1 月16日，德军又回到了他们当初出击的战线，这恰好是希特勒把他最后的兵力、大炮、弹药储备孤注一掷、发动进攻的一个月之后。
