1、高考英语二轮复习非谓语动词精品教案高考英语二轮复习精品教案：非谓语动词1一、动词不定式1动词不定式的各种形式及其表达的时态和语态意义主动被动一般式to doto be done进行式to be doing/完成式to have doneto have been done完成进行式to have been doing/如： He seems to know this. It is important to read English every day. The bridge to be built next year is very long. Im sorry to have kept you
2、 waiting so long. His new novel is said to have been published. She happened to be writing a letter when I passed by. 了解不定式各种形式的时态和语态意义对正确理解和使用不定式起着很重要的作用。要结合不定式的句法功能一起掌握，灵活运用。 2不定式的句法功能 除了谓语外，不定式可以担当句子的任何成分。 To see is to believe. 眼见为实。(作主语和表语) You should continue to learn as long as you live. 要活到老学
3、到老。(作宾语) She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings. 她晚上经常有很多会要开。(作定语) To do a good job, we must have the right tools. 要干好活工具得用对。(作状语) I didnt expect you to arrive so early. 我没想到你来得那么早。(作宾语补足语)3 学习动词不定式应注意的几个问题(1) 用不定式作宾语的词语。 下列词语常用不定式作宾语：afford，promise，refuse，expect，hope，learn，offe
4、r，wish，want，fail，plan，agree，prefer，decide，manage，arrange，determine，desire等。 下列动词后可接“疑问词不定式”：teach，decide，wonder，show，learn，forget，ask，advise，discuss等。(2) 理解和使用不定式作宾补。 see，watch，notice，hear，listen to，observe，feel，make，let，have等的宾补用动词原形，变被动时要加to，此时的不定式就是主语补足语。 常用不定式作宾补的几种情况： 主语ask/require/tell/order/f
5、orce/get/want/likesb. to do sth. 主语think/judge/suppose/believe/consider/imaginesb.to be/to have done sth. 主语call on/depend on/wait for/ask forsb.to do sth. (3) 不定式作定语的特殊用法。 下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance，wish，right，courage，need，promise，time，opportunity，way，the first，the second，the last，the only等。如： He had a g
6、ood way to make his lessons lively and interesting. Who was the first one to get to the top of the hill yesterday? 不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。如： There is no one to look after her. 不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。如： I have a lot of work to do. 如果不定式是不及物动词，后面应有必要的介词。如： He is looking for a room to live in. 但如果及物动词后已有了
7、自己的宾语，其后还应加适当的介词。 Here is a box to put things in. 注意：如果不定式的逻辑主语和逻辑宾语都出现在不定式前面，不定式则用主动形式；若在句中找不到不定式的逻辑主语，则用不定式的被动形式。注意这两句话的区别： I have a letter to write. 我有封信要写。(我写信)Im going to Beijing next week. Do you have anything to be taken to your friends？你有什么要(我)带给你的朋友们吗？(被我带而不是你带)(4) 不定式作状语的用法。 不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句
8、中表示目的、结果、原因。only to do表示出人意料的结果。如： We hurried to the classroom only to find none there. in order (not) to，so as (not) to用来引导目的状语，但so as to不能用于句首。soas to do, such 名词as to do引导结果状语。如：The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus. Im not such a fool as to believe that. 不定式还可以作修饰表语形容词或补语形容词的状语
9、。如： He is hard to please / to get along with. Do you think him easy to work with? 注意：此时不定式用主动，而不需用被动。而且不及物动词后的介词不能遗漏。(5) 不定式的完成式的特殊用法。 表示不定式中动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。如： The novel was said to have been published. I regret to have been with you for so many years. seem，appear，be said，be supposed，be believ
10、ed，be thought，be known，be reported等常用于上面句型。 此外，glad，happy，satisfied，sorry，surprised，disappointed后也可接不定式的完成式。 不定式的完成式还可表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气。(A) would like/would love 不定式的完成式。(B) was/were 不定式的完成式，表示该做某事或想做但未实现。(C) expect/hope/mean/promise/suppose/think/want/wish 不定式的完成式，表示过去未曾实现的愿望。(6) 不定式的省略。 两个并列的不定式
11、由and或or连接时，省略后面的不定式中的to。如： I want to finish my homework and go home. Im really puzzled what to think or say. 特例：To be or not to be，this is a question. He is better to laugh than to cry. (表示对比) 句中含有动词do时，but，except，besides等后面的to可省略。即“前有do，后省to”。如： He didnt do anything but complain. why not, had bette
12、r，would rather，cant but等后省to。如：He could not but walk home. (7) 不定式的替代。 多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或补语的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承前省略(只保留to即可)。但如果承前省略的不定式有助动词have或be的任何形式，后应该保留原形be或have。如： Susan is not what she used to be. Id like /love /be happy to. You came late this morning. You ought to have finished your h
13、omework. I know I ought to have. 二、动名词 动名词具有动词和名词的特点，有一般式和完成式，有主动式和被动式之分，在句中可以作主语、宾 语、表语和定语。1 动名词的基本构成和意义时态与语态意义例句一般式表示动作与谓语动词同时或稍后发生Would you mind my opening the window？你介意我打开窗户吗？完成式表示动作先于谓语动词发生I remembered having been taken to Beijing three times. 我记得自己被带到北京三次。主动语态逻辑主语是动名词动作的执行者They were praised f
14、or having finished the work ahead of time. 他们因提前完成工作而受到表扬。被动语态逻辑主语是动名词的承受者No one likes being laughed at in public. 没有人愿意当众被嘲笑。2. 动名词的句法功能(1) 作主语 动名词作主语表示抽象的概念，通常直接置于句首，有时先用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。如： Climbing mountains is really fun.爬山真有趣。 It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。(谚语) (
15、2) 作宾语 作动词的宾语。可接动名词作宾语的动词巧记如下： 考虑建议盼原谅(consider，suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon) 承认推迟没得想(admit, delay/put off, fancy) 避免错过继续练(avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practise) 否认完成停止赏(deny, finish, stop, enjoy/appreciate) 不禁介意准逃亡(cant help, mind, allow/permit, escape) 不准冒险凭想象(forbid, risk, imagin
16、e) 作动词短语的宾语。可接动名词作宾语的动词短语有： think of，depend on，set about，succeed in，worry about，think about，give up，put off，burst out，insist on，cant stand, be/get used to，devoteto，look forward to，pay attention to，get down to，object to，feel like，adapt to，dream of等。三、分词 分词包括现在分词和过去分词。学习分词要注意下面两大问题：分词的各种形式及其表达的时态和语态意义
17、；分词的句法功能。1 分词的各种形式及其表达的时态和语态意义形式时态意义语态意义例句现在分词 一般式 动作正在进行或与主句谓语动词同时发生 主动 He stood on the street begging. 被动 The building being built is a hospital. 完成式 动作发生在主句谓语动词之前 主动 Having finished my homework, I went to bed. Not having received a reply, he decided to write again. 被动 Having been criticized many
18、times, Jack didnt come any more. 形式时态意义语态意义例句现在分词 一般式 动作正在进行或与主句谓语动词同时发生 主动 He stood on the street begging. 被动 The building being built is a hospital. 完成式 动作发生在主句谓语动词之前 主动 Having finished my homework, I went to bed. Not having received a reply, he decided to write again. 被动 Having been criticized ma
19、ny times, Jack didnt come any more. 注意：了解分词的各种形式及其表达的时态和语态意义，是正确理解和使用分词的关键。形式时态意义语态意义例句过去分词 及物动词的过去分词 动作已完成 主动 I often heard the song sung. 无时态意义 被动 spoken and written English少数不及物动词的过去分词 动作已完成 被动fallen leavesthe risen sun (对比falling leaves正在下落的叶子，the rising sun正在升起的太阳) 分词的时态意义和语态意义不同于谓语动词的时态和语态，非谓语
20、的时态意义和语态意义都是相对而言的。具体地说，非谓语动词的时态意义是和主句谓语动词相对而言，例如：如果分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生，则可能用现在分词一般式，如果是在主句谓语动词之前发生，则可能用现在分词完成式。而语态意义则和分词的逻辑主语有关，如果分词的动作与其逻辑主语是主动关系，则用现在分词，如果与其逻辑主语是被动关系，则可能用现在分词的被动式，或过去分词。所谓的逻辑主语即句子中与分词形成逻辑关系的名词或代词。例如：分词作状语和表语时，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。分词作定语，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词或代词。分词作宾语补足语，其逻辑主语就是句子的宾语。2 分词的句法功能(1) 作定语
21、Mike held a burning stick and Tom carried a gun. (The stick was burning.) How I regretted the hours wasted in the woods and fields(that had been wasted )! Asia is the largest continent, covering one third of the earths land area (which covers ). 分词短语作定语有时和它所修饰的名词或代词发生分隔开来的现象。 There is a notice on th
22、e blackboard reading “An examination will be given next week. (which reads)”(2) 作表语 We were excited at the news. His shoes were old and worn. (3) 作补语 包括宾语补足语和主语补足语。常用于see, leave, watch, hear, feel, find, have, keep等动词之后以及with复合结构中。 I saw Tom coming out of the house. No tricky words would move him. H
23、e kept his mouth tightly closed. We mustnt leave the work unfinished. He stood for some time with his hand still raised. (4) 作状语 分词作状语常表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随或结果、附加说明等。 Reading the letter, I couldnt help thinking of my school life. (时间状语) Being ill, I didnt go to school yesterday. (原因状语) Not having done it
24、 as he told us to, we were scolded. (原因状语) Working hard, you will succeed. (条件状语) He came running all the way. (方式状语) The children headed towards school, followed by their dogs. (伴随状语)He dropped the plate, breaking it into hundreds of pieces. (结果状语) If the advertising fails, having no effect on sale
25、s, the whole programme will be reviewed. (附加说明) 注意： 分词作结果状语往往表示意料中的结果，而不定式作结果状语则表示意料之外的结果。试比较： A terrible storm hit the area, causing great damage to the crops. He arrived to the station only to find the train had already left. 分词作状语时有时前面可加有连词。如： Once, while working on a new invention, Edison made 8
26、,000 tests without success. I wont go to his party unless invited. The beggar waited as if expecting more. (5) 作插入语的分词独立结构 分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。如： generally speaking一般说来 talking of (speaking of)说到 strictly speaking 严格地说judging from 从判断 all things considered 从整体来看 taking all things into consi
27、deration全面看来 Judging from his face, he must be ill.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。 Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。(speaking不是dogs的动作)1 【误】 We dont allow to smoke in the lecture hall. 【正】 We dont allow smoking in the lecture hall. 【正】 We dont allow people to smoke in the lecture hall.
28、【解析】 考查固定结构。allow doing sth.; allow sb. to do sth.2 【误】 She was the first person thinking of the idea. 【正】 She was the first person to think of the idea. 【解析】 当序数词或由序数词所修饰的名词带定语时， 此定语通常由不定式来充当。3 【误】 The question being discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one. 【正】 The question to be dis
29、cussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one. 【解析】 being discussed表示动作正在进行，而根据at tomorrows meeting可判断动作发生在将来，故用to be discussed表示。4 【误】 This boy was seen come late this morning. 【正】 This boy was seen to come late this morning. 【解析】 see，watch等动词转换为被动结构时，其后不定式一般需要带to。5 Ive been looking forward t
30、o hear from you. 【答案】 hear 改为hearing。 【解析】 短语look forward to中，to为介词，所以应用动名词作宾语。6 He admitted to have stolen the car. 【答案】 to have改为having。 【解析】 admit 后面跟动词的ing形式作宾语。7 This is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 【答案】 This改为 It。 【解析】 作形式主语，代替动词的ing形式，只能用it。8 The flowers need being watered. 【答案】 being watered改为watering或者to be watered。 【解析】 need, want, require等动词的主语为物时，后面跟动名词主动形式或接不定式的被动结构，表示“需要被”。9 现在分词的完成式通常不作定语或补语。(1) 【误】 I could see the house having been beautifully decorated. 【正】 I could see the house beautifully
