1、机械外文翻译 电梯基础知识4电梯机房井道和底坑4 电梯机房、井道和底坑Machine room，Well and pit of lift4-1机房Machine room电梯机房一般设置在电梯井道的顶部（机房上置式）。机房内安装有曳引机、导向轮、控制柜、限速器、总电源控制盒等。Normally located on top of well (upper-placed machine room), machine room includes traction machine, diverter pulley, control cabinet, overspeed governor and mai
2、n power control box.4-1-1 控制柜Control cabinet电梯控制柜安装在曳引机旁边，是电梯的拖动装置和信号控制中心。如图4-1所示。早期的电梯控制柜中有接触器、继电器、电容、电阻器、变压器、整流器等。随着电脑、电子技术的飞越发展，VVVF控制技术、光纤通讯技术、串行通信、网络技术等在电梯上得到广泛应用。大规模集成电路的应用使电梯控制柜体积越来越小，功能越来越强，可靠性越来越高。目前的电梯控制柜大多由全电脑控制板和变频器组成，达到对交流电动机进行调频调压调速控制（VVVF）。Located near traction machine, control cabine
3、t serves as a trailing device and signal control center, as shown in figure 4-1. Originally, control cabinet included contactor, relay, capacitor, resistor, transformer, and rectifier. With rapid development of computer and electronics as well as wide application of VVVF control technology, optical
4、fiber communication technology, serial communication and network technology in lift, application of big scale integrated circuit makes control cabinet smaller in size, stronger in function and more reliable in operation. Currently, controlcabinet is composed of computer control panel and frequency i
5、nverter, to control AC motor in terms of frequency, voltage and speed (VVVF).控制柜的电源由机房的总电源开关(图4-2)引入，由控制柜接触器引出的动力线用电线管送至曳引机的电动机接线端子。电梯控制信号线由电线管或线槽引出，进入井道再由扁型或圆型随行电缆传输。信号交换控制线分别接到井道中各层接线盒中，构成电梯的控制系统线路。在控制柜和机房布线时要注意强弱电要分开，防止弱电受干扰。Power supply of control cabinet is introduced from the main power supply
6、 in machine room（figure 4-2 ）. Cable leads from the contactor of control cabinet to the motor terminal of traction machine via conduit. Derived by conduit or channel, lift control signal line enters well then is transmitted by flat or round traveling cable. Signal exchange control lines are connecte
7、d to terminal boxes of each landing in well, forming lift control loop. It is requiredthat power line and weak signal be separated to prevent weak signal from being interfered with when wiring is made in control cabinet and machine room. 4-1-2 曳引机Traction machine详情已在第二章（曳引机）描述。The details has been d
8、escribed in chapter 2 （Traction machine）.4-1-3 限速器Overspeed governor限速器一般装在机房的地面上，曳引机旁边（图4-3）, 其工作原理见5-2章。Governor is installed on the ground of machine room, at the side of machine (figure 4-3). The working principle will be de scribed in chapter 5-2.4-2电梯井道Well电梯井道是由井道壁、井道顶面和底面组成的，是供电梯轿厢和对重运行的空间，通
9、常位于建筑物的内部，一般是由混凝土、砖或钢结构构成，并具有足够的机械强度。Composed of well wall, well top and well bottom, well is always located inside the building as moving space for car and counterweight. It is made of concrete, brick or steel so as to bear mechanical strength. 4-2-1 导轨Guide rail导轨（图4-4）：用于轿厢和对重在垂直方向运动时的导向，并限制轿厢和对重
10、在水平方向的位移。轿厢和对重应至少有两根刚性的钢制导轨导向。导轨通常用冷扎T型钢制成，其抗拉强度应为370520N/m2之间。导轨设计时主要考虑以下因素：载有不均布载荷沿导轨运行时；安全钳动作时；装载或卸载时。导轨强度主要考虑安全钳动作时，导轨的抗拉强度，导轨的变形则考虑载有不均布载荷沿导轨运行时。Guide rail（figure 4-4）: it is used to guidecar andcounterweight in vertical directionandrestricttheir horizontal displacement.Car and counterweight sh
11、ouldhaveat leasttwo rigid steel rails. Guide railsare alwaysmade of cold-rolled T-steel,whose anti-pullstrengthshouldrangefrom370 N/m2 to 520N/m2. Following conditions should be taken into consideration when guild rails aredesigned. When unevenly-distributed load is imposed on rail;When safety gear
12、is activating;When loading or unloading is under way;Guide rail strength, especially anti-pull strengthshould be considered when safety gear isactivating, while rail deformation should beconsidered when uneven load is moving on rail.4-2-1-1 导轨与导轨的连接Connections between rails每根导轨的长度一般为45m，在安装时端部以榫头与榫槽
13、配合定位，底部用连接板固定，榫头与榫槽具有很高的加工精度，起连接定位作用，接头处的强度由连接板和连接螺栓保证，连接后接头处不应存在连续缝隙，并且接头处应平滑，必要时进行修光。见图4-5。Usually each guide rail is 4m to 5m long.When mounted, guide rails are connected to each other and fixed by wedge and wedge groove on both sides. Its bottom is fixed by connecting board. Featuring highly pro
14、cessing precision, wedge and groove serve to connect and fix; strength of joint is guaranteed by connecting board and bolts. After connection is completed, no continual gap should exist in joint and joints should be smooth, if necessary, polished. See figure 4-5.4-2-1-2 导轨架Rail support导轨通过导轨架与井道壁连接。
15、轿厢导轨架通常是可调的，以保证导轨之间的距离,见图4-6。导轨的承载能力与导轨架配置间距有关系。同一规格的导轨当导轨架配置间距较小时，可获得较大的承载能力。导轨架的配置间距通常为2.5m，根据实际情况缩小或扩大，其要求是导轨在工作中的挠度不应超过允许挠度。导轨的最大允许挠度为6.3mm。Rails are connected with well wall by means of rail support which is usually adjustable to ensure specific distance between rails，see figure 4-6. Support ca
16、pacity of rail is related to the distance between rail supports. For rail with same specifications, the shorter the distance between rail supports is, the larger the support capacity is. The distance of rail supports is normally 2.5m, which can be decreased or increased according to actual circumsta
17、nces; however, bending deflection for rails must not exceed maximum allowed value of 6.3mm.4-2-1-3 导轨压板Rail clip导轨架与导轨的连接通过压板(图4-7)，压板有浮动型和模锻型，浮动型压板可减少由于导轨应力产生的导轨变形，导轨的应力来自于导轨的热胀冷缩和不可避免的建筑物下沉。当导轨应力克服了压板摩擦力后，导轨可以沿纵向伸缩，减少了导轨的受力变形，增加了电梯的安装质量。模锻型压板主要用于固定隔光板的支架，极限开关的支架等，使这些支架不至产生移位。Rail supports are conn
18、ected with rails by means of rail clip （figure4-7）, which is classified into floating and mold-cast types. Floating type can protect rails from deformation caused by the intrinsic energy of rails, which derives from rail expansion and constriction due to temperature change as well as unavoidable pre
19、cipitation of building. After the intrinsic energy overcomes friction of boards, rails can extend vertically to reduce deformation and improve lift installation quality. Mold-cast type is mainly used to fix sensor vaneand final limit switch brackets to avoid their displacement.4-2-2导靴 Guide shoe导靴是为
20、了防止轿厢在曳引绳上的扭转和不对称负载下的偏斜，使电梯的轿厢、对重沿着导轨上下移动的导向装置，当轿厢与对重的悬挂中心不变时，导靴几乎不受力。由于载荷的移动总是使轿厢中心发生变化，由此产生的力就反映在导靴上，使导靴靴衬随着电梯上下运行而磨损。Preventing car from wiggling on traction rope or deviating under uneven load, guide shoe is used to make car and counterweight move along rails. If suspension center of car and cou
21、nterweight is constant, almost no force is applied on guide shoe. Since load movement always leads to the change of car center, force produced will be reflected on guide shoe, making guide shoe lines worn out with lift moving upwards and downwards.4-2-2-1 导靴的安装位置Mounting position of guide shoe每台电梯的轿
22、厢共安装四套沿导轨滑动或滚动的导靴，安装在轿厢轿架的四个角与导轨接触处，两套上导靴固定在轿厢上梁上，两套下导靴固定在安全钳钳座上。每台电梯的对重侧安装四套导靴，安装在上、下横梁两侧端部。Car is equipped with four sets of sliding or rolling guide shoes that are located in the overlapping area of the four angles of car frame and rails; to be specific, two sets are fixed on top transoms, while
23、the remaining on safety gear seat. Counterweight side is equipped with four sets of guide shoes that are located on both sides of top and bottom transoms. 4-2-2-2 导靴的种类Types of guide shoe电梯导靴基本上分为三大类。Guide shoe is classified into three types.4-2-2-2-1 固定式滑动导靴Fixed sliding guide shoe常用于低速载货电梯上。固定式滑动导
24、靴只能用在电梯运行速度V0.63m/s的电梯轿厢或对重上。此类导靴的靴头是固定死的，没有调节的余地。因此，导靴与导轨之间存在一定的间隙，随着运行时间的增长，间隙会越来越大，电梯运行中会出现晃动。保养时常常需要用黄油润滑导轨。图4-8所示是固定式滑动导靴的一种Suitable for low-speed cargo lift, fixed sliding guide shoe can only be used in car or counterweight of lift with V0.63m/s. The shoe head is fixed with no room to adjust.
25、With running time accumulation, the gap between shoe and rail will be increasingly large, therefore, lift will swing during operation. Butter should be used to lubricate rails for maintenance. One of the fixed sliding guide shoes is shown in figure 4-8.4-2-2-2-2 弹性滑动导靴Elastic sliding guide shoe弹性滑动导
26、靴由靴座、靴头、靴衬、靴轴、压缩弹簧、调节组件组成。要求其靴衬以适当的压力与导轨表面接触（压力可调整到基本上浮动状态为宜）。这类导靴必须在其上部带机油油杯，在电梯运行时机油通过导油毛毡不断润滑导轨。弹性导靴的靴头只能在弹簧的压缩方向上作轴向移动。与固定式滑动导靴不同的是靴头是浮动的。靴衬的底部始终紧贴在导轨的工作面上，吸收电梯运行中产生的振动与冲击。为了补偿导轨侧工作面的直线偏差，导靴与导轨工作面之间要留有一定的间隙。这种导靴的应用范围一般在V1.75m/s.图4-9所示是弹性滑动导靴的一种。Elastic sliding guide shoe is composed of shoe sadd
27、le, shoe head, shoe lines, shoe shaft, compressing spring and adjusting parts. It is required that shoe lines contact rail surface by proper pressure (pressure is assumed proper that is adjusted to floating state). Such guide shoe must have oil cup on its top so as to lubricate rails continuously by
28、 means of felt during lift operation. Shoe head can only move axially along spring compression direction. Unlike fixed sliding guide shoe, its shoe head is floating. Constantly attached to working surface tightly, the bottom of shoe lines absorbs shock produced during lift operation. To offset linea
29、l deviation of rail side working surface, there should be a specific gap between guide shoe and rail working surface. Such guide shoe is used in lifts with V1.75m/s. One of the elastic sliding guide shoes is shown in figure 4-9.4-2-2-2-3 滚轮式导靴Rolling guide shoe滚轮式导靴如图4-10所示，它是由滚轮、弹簧、靴座、摇臂组成。滚轮式导靴以滚轮
30、代替了滑动导靴的三个工作面，三个滚轮在弹簧力的作用下，紧贴在导轨的三个工作面上，见图4-11。导靴三个滚轮浮动地压住导轨三个工作面，可消除电梯运行时产生的振动和噪音，当电梯运行时，滚轮在导轨上滚动，大大减小了运行的摩擦力，使电梯运行平稳、舒适、噪音小、节约能源。在导轨上的压力与弹性导靴相同，并通过调节弹簧力对滚轮的压缩量进行调节。Rolling guide shoe is shown in figure 4-10,it is composed of roller, spring, saddleandrotating arm.Replacing three workingsurfaces, th
31、ree rollers are attached to threeworkingsurfaces of rail under the spring force, see figure 4-11 . Three rollers press three working surfaces of rail, to eliminate shock and noise during lift operation. With lownoise and economical power consumption, rollers move on rails, reducing friction greatly
32、to ensure stable run and comfortable ride. Pressure on rail is same as that of elastic guide shoe, besides, compression of rollers can be adjusted by means of spring.滚轮式导靴绝对不允许在导轨的工作面上加润滑油。否则，会使滚轮打滑，无法运转。因此，滚轮导靴的另一个优点是不用给导轨加油，无油污染。For roller guide shoe, lubricant must not be used on rail working surface; otherwise, roller will slip so as to fail running. Therefore, roller guide shoe has no oil pollution. 滚轮导靴常用在电梯速度V2.0m/s的高速电梯上。Roller guide shoe is usually used in hig
