1、英语词汇学资料续4.2 Compounding (p. 67) A combination of two or more words which functions as a single semantic unit. Classification (by the form)a) solid; b) hyphenated; c) open: textbook, text-book, text book high day, high seas, high schools, high buildings hot dog, small pox, red ink, goal keeper, depar
2、tment store greenhouse, darkroom, greenroom d) connected with a vowel or consonant craftsman, sportsman, tradesman, huntsman, kinsman gasometer, speedometer, hydrometer, mileometer, thermometer, barometer, chronometere) Joined by s bulls eye, no-mans land, lions share, crows neck, fools paradise, dr
3、ivers seatf) More than two elements man of war, good-for-nothing, grand-in-aid pick-me-up, touch-me-not, happy-go-lucky, stay-at-homeg) a clause or sentence This either-they-are-on-our-side-or-against-us sort of idea is a dangerous one. There is a sort of oh-what-a-wicked-world-this-is-and-how-I-wis
4、h-I-could-do-something-to-make-it-better-and-nobler expression about Montmorency.h) Reduplicative compounds tick-tick, quack-quack, fifty-fifty, so-so dilly-dally, shilly-shally, zigzag, prittle-prattle, flip-flop hokey-pokey, hocus-pocus, hurry-scurry, hugger-mugger, hubble-bubble, higgledy-piggled
5、y, hoity-toity, hurly-burly Classification (by word class) Noun Compounds Adjective Compounds Verb Compounds Adverb Compounds headlong, somehow, somewhere, upside down, inside out Pronoun Compounds each other, one another, nobody, anybody, someone, Prepositions into, within, as for, except for, beca
6、use of, owing to, thanks to, for the sake of, in spite of, by means of, instead of (function as a coordinator) Things are better instead of worse. He walks slowly instead of quickly. That increased instead of decreased our anxiety. He laughed with instead of at us. Morphological characteristics Take
7、 noun compounds as examples: N + N: baby girl, databank, fingerprint Aj + N: blueprint, easy-chair, full stop V + N: makeshift, flashlight, cut-throat N + V: daybreak, snowfall, frostbite Participle + N: swimming-pool, freezing-point N + Participle: air-conditioning, house-keeping Prep. (adv.) + N:
8、bypath, underclothes, overcoat V + N: break-down, get-together, handout N + V: downfall, income, outbreak others Syntactic and semantic relationships of compounds sunshine, landslide, headache, heartbreak bootblack, hairbrush, handshake, birth-control, haircut scarecrow, pick-pocket, drinking-water
9、hangman, call-boy, managing-director, diving-board, walking-stick, grindstone Noun as a modifier in a noun phrase a prestige university, race hatred, rebel soldiers, affluence society ; geography teacher, accident victims, statistic expert, discussion topic, Canada wheat, Valencia Universitys Philos
10、ophy Faculty; surface vessel- vessel that moves on the surface knife boy-boy holding a knife recovery helicopter-helicopter for getting back astronauts who has splashed down an Administration foreign policy analyst a six day, eight hours a day week his shoulder separation freshman year Italian newsp
11、aper attack earthquake relief organization. The four of them were accused of gift conspiracy. He arose one morning filled with inspiration to market a new line of celebrity ashtrays. He said to Green, “with a little currency persuasion, the hotel clerk would be able to find accommodation for you.” A
12、 compound, or a noun phrase with a modifier? science fiction, silk merchant, fire squad, horror films horror films - horrible films riot police - riotous police miraculous chips- miracle chips obese specialists -obesity specialists efficient workers - efficiency experts bankrupt lawyers - bankruptcy
13、 lawyers4.3 Conversion (p. 74) Conversion is the process whereby a word is changed from one part of speech into another without the addition of an affix. So this process is also called zero derivation or derivation by zero suffix. Conversion may be classified according to the class of words they for
14、m: 1) verb-noun conversion 2) adjective-noun conversion 3) noun-verb conversion 4) adjective-verb conversion 5) noun-adjective conversion SVO structures of English to book a place-to place a book to plan a table-to table a plan (motion, bill) Noun-verb Conversion He elbowed his way through the crowd
15、. The beams of the searchlights fingered the sky. He wormed his way difficultly through the thick forest. This proposal was fathered by John. She was not born for wifing and mothering. from the throat emerged a straight bar, rough with gold dust and slightly clubbed at the end. Conversion in closed
16、class of words You should know all the ins and outs now. Who can explain the hows and whys of the incident? Everyone has his ups and downs. Your argument seems to have too many ifs. This dictionary is a must for English learners. But me no buts, he said impatiently. Is Johns baby a she or he? Patrio
17、tism, nationalism, and any other -isms you would like to name Classification of noun-verb conversiona) To put in/to N bottle, corner, cradle, coffin, floor, garage, positionb) To give N, to provide with Ncoat ,fuel, grease, mask, wax, label, plaster c) To deprive of N core, gut, peel, skin, husk, ba
18、rk, dust, scale, boned) To. with N” brake, axe, hammer; guitar, harp; cord, hook, button, pencil; machine-gun, daggere) To be / act as N father, nurse, referee, pilot, parrot, leech, snail, wolf monkey, dog, ape cf. bird, frog, rabbit, shrimp, troutf) To make/change.into N cash, cripple, usher, sent
19、ry, apprentice, groupg) To send / go by N mail, telegraph, boat, canoe, motor, ship, van, helicopter, Adjective-noun conversion Substantivized adjectives Wholly substantivized relative, criminal, black Partially substantivized beautiful, poor, dead, dying, wounded, unexpected the leisured rich and t
20、he hungry (aged) poor The wise look to the wiser for advice. He went from the extremely sublime to the extremely ridiculous. The very wise are likely to avoid such temptation. We will nurse your sick, clothe your naked, and feed your hungry. The sick are here well looked after. The wounded and the d
21、ying were rushed to hospital. The innocent are often deceived by the unscrupulous. The accused was found guilty. The deceased was one of my best friend. The bereaved was full of grief for his dead wife. The bereaved were full of grief for their dead child. He has no eyes for the beautiful. He ventur
22、ed into the unknown. The true, the good, and the beautiful could not exist without the false, the evil, and the ugly. The latest is that he is going to run for Congress. The unexpected always happens. The very best is yet to come. The dock is now at its busiest. It shows that the writer is at his be
23、st and liveliest. in brief (general, short, particular), at large, Change of secondary word-class: verbsa) intransitive-transitive The wound ran blood. He is flying a kite with his children.b) transitive-intransitive This food digests well. This kind of medicine sells dear. Water melons sells best i
24、n summer. The clock winds up at the back. The door wont lock. The recorder cant play. Your excuse wont wash.c) intransitive-intensive The sun was sinking low. (current state) The water boils dry. (result) Approximate conversion: voicing and stress shift abuse, excuse, grief-grieve, belief-believe ab
25、sent, perfect, present, frequent4.4 Blending (p. 82) Blends are also called portmanteau word, a term originated with Lewis Carroll, the author of Through the Looking-Glass (1871), in which he created words such as chortle (chuckle & snort) and galumph (gallop& triumph). They are words formed by comb
26、ining parts of other words. brunch, motel, smog, autocide, advertitics interpol, sitcom, comsat, Amerind, Comintern travelogue, videophone, Nixonomics, lunaraut, talkathon paradrop, medichair, helipad, sportscast Along Nixon backer, he assumes a dawk stand on the Vietnam problems.4.5 Clippings a pro
27、cess by which a word of two or more than two syllables (usually a noun) is shortened without a change in its function taking placea) Phrase clippings: oclock, pub, pop, good-byeb) Back clippings: memo, gym, taxi; lab, math, dorm, examc) Front clippings: bus, phone, plane, cello, chute, copterd) Fron
28、t and back clippings: flu, fridge, bicycle-bike, cycle; taxicab-taxi, cab4.6 Acronymy Initialisms-words formed from the initial letters of words which are pronounced as sequences of letters IQ, UN, CIA, FBI, Acronyms-words formed from the initial letters of words , but pronounced as a word NATO, UNE
29、SCO, TEFL, TESL, TESOL, laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation)radar (radio detecting and ranging)sonar (sound navigation ranging)4.7 Back-formation Back-formation is a way of word-building in which a new word is made by the removal of an AFFIX from an existing word. The majo
30、rity of backformed words are verbs. For example: television-televise aviation-aviate legislation laser-lase peddler-peddle beggar-beg burglar sculptor hawker editor typewriter sightseeing globe-trotting baby-sitting sleep-walking Who authed this book? He is going to bach all his life. Word building by analogymarathon-talkathon, telethon; First Lady-First Mother, First Family; hamburger-cheeseburger, chickenburger, nutburger, lobsterburger, raisinburger, superburger, farmburger, Californiaburger ;
