1、其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。一、词义猜测类题型阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语高考题中均有此类题目，有的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。运用构词法,语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下几种方法猜测：（一）内在逻辑关系根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义。1. 通过同义
2、词和反义词的关系猜词2. 根据因果关系猜测词义3. 通过定义或释义关系来推测词义4. 通过句法功能来推测词义5. 通过描述猜词（二）外部相关因素外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The snakes lithered through the grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为爬行。（三）构词法在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根,前缀,后缀,合成等
3、构词法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。1. 根据前缀猜测词义2. 根据后缀猜测词义3. 根据复合词的各部分猜测词义二、主旨大意类题型主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。（二）寻找文章的主题句分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句，即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若
4、干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1. 相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2. 主题句一般结构简单；3. 段落中其他句子必定是用来解释，支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。【热点话题】 说明文热衷话题有：科普类，环保类。【限时检测】（建议用时：30分钟）A（湖南省长沙市雅礼
5、中学2019届高三下学期一模）话题：新的海洋生态系统难度：建议用时：6分A team of international scientists is due to set off for the worlds biggest iceberg in a mission aiming to answer fundamental questions about the impact of climate change in the polar regions. The scientists, led by the British Antarctic Survey（ BAS）, are trying t
6、o reach a newly revealed ecosystem that had been hidden for 120,000 years below the Larsen C ice shelf.Last year, part of the Larsen C ice shelf calved （崩解） away, forming a huge iceberg-A68-which is four times bigger than London, and revealing life beneath for the first time. Now scientists say it i
7、s a race against time to explore these new ecosystems before they are transformed to the light. Marine biologist Dr Katrin Linse from the BAS is leading the mission.“The calving of A68 provides us with a unique opportunity to study marine life as it responds to a huge environment change,” she said.
8、“It is important that we get there quickly before the undersea environment changes as sunlight enters the water.”Professor David Vaughan, science director at the BAs, said, “We need to be bold （大胆的） on this one. Larsen C is a long way south and theres lots of sea ice in the area, but this is importa
9、nt science, so we will try our best to get the team where they need to be. He said climate change had already affected the sea around Antarctica and is warming some coastal waters. “Future warming may make some habitats warm. Where these habitats support unique species that are adapted to love the c
10、old and not the warm, those species are going to either move or die.”There is growing concern about the possible impact of climate change in the Antarctic. Earlier this month, a report revealed that melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica are speeding up the already fast pace of the sea level
11、 rise. The research, published by the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine, said, “At the current rate, the worlds ocean will be, on average, at least 60cm higher by the end of the century.” However, it found that the process is accelerating, and more than three quarters of the ac
12、celeration since 1993 is due to melting ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica, the study shows.1. Why are the scientists eager to go to the iceberg?A. To study how the iceberg was formed.B. To study a newly discovered ecosystem.C. To explore a new way to prevent climate change.D. To explore the geo
13、graphy of the Larsen C ice shelf.2. What do the underlined words “this one” in the fourth paragraph refer to?A. The Larsen C ice shelf.B. Climate change in Antarctica.C. The A68 iceberg with the ecosystem beneath it.D. The condition of animal species in Antarctica.3. What can we learn about the A68
14、iceberg from the text?A. It is as big as London.B. It is part of an ice shelf in the Arctic.C. It will disappear in a very short time.D. It has uncovered an unknown ecosystem in Antarctica.4. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. There is no need to worry about climate change in Antarctica.B.
15、 The ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica are melting at a steady rate.C. Many creatures living in deep water will die out due to climate change.D. By 2100, the sea level will have risen to a much higher level than now.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。南极地区的拉森C冰架崩解形成了一座巨大的冰山A68 iceberg。冰山下面显现的新的海洋生态系统为科学家提供了研究未知的海洋生
16、物的机会。1. B【解析】细节理解题。由第二段Now scientists say it is a race against time to explore these new ecosystems before they are transformed to the light.可知，科学家着急赶去世界最大的冰山是为了在其受到光照影响之前研究这座冰山下面的海洋生态系统。故选B。2. C【解析】词义猜测题。由第三段The calving of A68 provides us with a unique opportunity to study marine life.可知A68冰山的形成为科学
17、家提供了研究海洋生物的独一无二的机会，所以Professor David Vaughan认为科学家要果敢地抓住这次机会，故this one指的是A68冰山和它下面的生态系统。故选C。3. D【解析】细节理解题。由第二段which is four times bigger than London可知A选项错误。由第四段Larsen C is a long way south and theres lots of sea ice in the area可知拉森C冰架位于南极地区，B选项错误。由第一段to reach a newly revealed ecosystem that had been
18、hidden for 120,000 years below the Larsen C ice shelf.可知D选项正确。C选项在文中没有提到。4. D【解析】推理判断题。由最后一段At the current rate, the worlds oceans will be, on average, at least 60cm higher by the end of the century.可推测D选项正确。B（天津市耀华中学2019届高三第二次校模拟考试）上大学前需要了解的信息College visits are important. Before you commit years of
19、 your life and money to a school，be sure youre choosing a place that is a good match for your personality and interests. You cant get the “feel” of a school from any guidebook，so be sure to visit the campus. Below are a few tips for getting the most out of your college visit.Explore on Your OwnOf co
20、urse you should take the official campus tour，but be sure to allow time to hang around on your own. The trained tour guides will show you a schools selling points. But the oldest and prettiest buildings dont give you the entire picture of a college. Try to walk the extra mile and get the complete pi
21、cture of the campus.Read the Bulletin BoardsWhen you visit the student center，academic buildings and residence halls，take a few minutes to read the bulletin boards. They provide an easy way to see whats happening on campus. The ads for lectures，clubs and plays can tell you whats going on outside the
22、 classrooms.Eat in the Dining HallYou can get a good feel for student life by eating in the dining hall. Try to sit with students if you can. Do the students seem happy or stressed？Also，is the food good？Are there adequate healthy options？Many admission offices will give prospective students coupons（
23、优惠券）for free meals in the dining halls.Visit a Class in Your MajorIf you know what you want to study，a class visit makes a lot of sense. Youll get to observe other students in your field and see how involved they are in classroom discussion. Try to stay after class for a few minutes and chat with th
24、e students to get their impressions of their professors and major. Be sure to call in advance to schedule a classroom visit-most colleges dont allow visitors to drop in at class unannounced.Talk to Lots of StudentsYour campus tour guide has been trained to market the school. Try to talk to students
25、who arent getting paid to impress you. These important conversations can often provide you with information about college life that isnt part of the admission script. Few university officials will tell you if their students spend all weekend drinking or studying，but a group of random students might.
26、For more tips，please go to collegeapps. about. com.5. The best way to know about a college in an official campus tour is_.A. to walk around the campus alone B. to take pictures of the campusC. to visit the oldest and prettiest buildings D. to hire a trained tour guide6. Reading the bulletin boards c
27、an help you _.A. decide-the major you want to studyB. find out the after-class activities on campusC. get free coupons from the admission officesD. find out the options of healthy food7. If you plan to attend a class on campus, _.A. drop in at a class in your majorB. have talks with students before
28、classC. make an appointment in advanceD. ask the professor for permission8. To get a real idea of the college during a visit, its best to talk to_.A. famous professors B. campus tour guidesC. admission officers D. random students9. Where does the passage probably come from？A. A news report. B. A tou
29、rist poster.C. An educational journal. D. A geographical magazine.【文章大意】本文属于说明文，本文对上大学之前需要了解的信息给出了一些建议，可以自行探索，阅读公告栏，在餐厅试吃，旁听课程和与其他同学交谈。5. A【解析】细节理解题。根据第一个标题下的第一句中的but be sure to allow time to hang around on your own可知，要想了解一所大学，最好能独自在校园逗留一段时间。故选A。6. B【解析】细节理解题。根据第二个标题下的They provide an easy way to see
30、 whats happening on campus，可知，公告栏可以让你了解校园课外活动的相关信息。7. C【解析】细节理解题。根据第四个标题下的Be sure to call in advance to schedule a classroom visit-most colleges dont allow visitors to drop in on class unannounced。可知，并不是所有的课都可以旁听的，你需要提前预约。8. D【解析】细节理解题。根据第五个标题下的Youll get to observe other students in your field and see how involved they are in classroom discussion可知，要想真正了解一所大学的情况，最好能随机地和一些学生交谈。故选D。9. C【解析】推理判断题。根据全文内容可知，本文对上大学之前需要了解的信息给出了一些建议，所以最有可能来自教育期刊。C（北京市清华大学附属中学2019届高三第三次模拟考试）全球变暖Against the supposition that forest fires
