1、句型简单句+复杂句句法句型分类简单句simple sentence-只有一个主语和一个谓语I left.英语六种根本句型：1：S+V主语subject+谓语predicate2：S+V+P(主语subject+系动词link verb+表语predicative)3：S+V+DO(主语subject+谓语predicate+宾语object)4：S+V+IO+DO(主语subject+谓语predicate+间接宾语indirect o+直接宾语direct o5：S+V+DO+OC(主语subject+谓语predicate+宾语+宾补object complement)6: There b
2、eThere be“有，There是引导词，无意义，There be后面的名词是句子的主语，属于倒装结构，表示某处有某人/某物。There+be+主语There is a cup of water on the table.与have的区别There be表示客观存在，have表示单纯的拥有。There are three cars in the parking lot.He has three cars in his own parking lot.There be的就近一致原那么There is a gay and three girls in the classroom.There ar
3、e three girls and a boy in the classroom.There are somewhere between 45,000 to 100,000 of them living in the countries like Zambia and Zimbabwe.For the century before Johnsons Dictionary was published in 1775, there had been concernabout the state of the English language.v2：S+V+P(主语subject+系动词link v
4、erb+表语predicative) You are cute.v3：S+V+DO(主语+谓语+宾语object) I love you.复杂句complex sentence-不止一个主语和一个谓语并列复杂句有并列连词：and/or/but附属复杂句由一个主句principal clause和一个或一个以上的从句subordinate clause构成。什么是从句subordinate clause？从句是复杂句不能独立成句，由that/who/whom/when/why/where/how/which等引导词connective引导的非主句局部。从句的类型名词性从句：主语从句宾语从句表语从
5、句同位语从句形容词性从句：定语从句副词性从句：状语从句从句三要素：必须有连接词必须是述句不能单独使用名词性从句主语从句-在复杂句中充当主语成分的句子叫主语从句不受主句时态影响系动词是单数is谓语动词是第三人称单数述语序Eg. That I have had so many friends is amazing.述句用thatThat he married a girl in such a short time surprises us all.特殊疑问句用特殊疑问词When he will come out of the closet hasnt been decided.Why he isn
6、t here is not clear to everyone.主语从句&形式主语That I have had so many friends is amazing.It is amazing that I have so many friends.It had been estimated that up to 50% of people in the developed world are overweight and 20% of these are obese.宾语从句-在复合句中充当宾语成分的句子叫做宾语从句He knows where the bar is.I dont know
7、 when he will come.As Peter Derk says:If we can figure out how the mind processes humour, the well have a pretty good handle on how it works in general.名词：Milgram 谓语动词：told 宾语：A TELL B TO DO STH Milgramtold each volunteer teacher-subject that the experiment was in the noble cause of education, and e
8、xperimentwas designed totestwhether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a positive effect on the pupils ability to learn.The growing international importance of athletics meansthat gifted athletes can be recognised at younger age.It is also accepted that this rightgenerates an obli
9、gation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate health-care resourcesare provided out of the public purse.形式宾语 it宾语从句&形式宾语如果宾语从句后有宾语补足语，要用形式宾语it,而将从句放到补足语后面。It is lucky to date with you.I know it lucky to date with you.S+V+it+adj./n./done + that clauseI thought it strange that he married her.1.
10、S+V+it+adj./of(for)sb.+to do sth.I found it impossible for me to find a girlfriend.2.S+V+it+adj./n./done+that clauseI considered it amazing that he left his girlfriend.3.S+V+it+no use/good/worth + doing sthThink/find/consider/makeI dont think it worthwhile taking so much trouble to do this.4.S+V+it+
11、when/ifLove,like,enjoy,hate,appreciate表语从句-表语从句是一个句子作为表语成分，说明主语。Eg. The problem is when he can finish it.One interesting correlation Manton uncovered isthat better-educated people are likely to live longer.The conventional pictureisthat tens of thousands of slaves dragged stones on sledges.同位语从句同位语-
12、在句子中前后两词组，句所指意思一样，句法功能一样，这种结构叫同位结构，前面是同位词，后面是同位语。My boyfriendHoover works in here.We both are lecturer.He likes his job, writing essays.According to his biographer, James Boswell.同位语从句-在复杂句充当同位语的名词性从句是同位语从句。They are investigating the questionwhether he is a murder.常见同位名词中心词Fact/news/idea/hope/report
13、/opinion/order/question/problem/truth/theory/decision/discovery/conclusion/promise/rumour/possibility/answer/belief,etc.同位语从句种类：限制性同位语从句：紧跟同位名词非限制性同位语从句：有逗号或者破折号与中心词分开The news that he intended to come gave us much pleasure.The hard truth, that he came out of the closet, was a great shock to her pare
14、nts.形容词性从句定语定语修饰名词：定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的。可以作定语成分的有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式、短语、分词、从句出现位置：紧跟名词前后I love beautiful you.定语从句-在复杂句中作定语，修饰限定一个主语/宾语、表语的名词或代词的句子叫做定语从句，被修饰叫做先行词，由关系代词引出。I dont like the boywho is straight.The manthat I spoke to is Hoover.种类限定性定语从句用来限定先行词的围I like a man who is rich.非限定性定语从句对
15、于先行词的一个进一步解释I like a man, who is rich.Tips:(1.进展时态的定语从句可以省略关系代词和be动词，仅仅用现在分词。There are the nations (which are) feeding billions of people.(2.被动语态的定语从句，可以省略关系代词和be动词，仅仅用过去分词。The camera (which was) ordered last week had not arrived yet.区分同位语从句和定语从句1.同位语：具体容描述，定语：限定修饰-The newsthat he is gay is true.-Th
16、e newsthat the girl told me is true.2.What/how/whether/is是同位语从句Who翻译为谁，which翻译成哪一个,是同位语从句，否那么是定语从句。Eg. I have a question whether you are a gay?Eg. Im sure he is the gay who you will be glad to get acquainted.3.that是否在句子做成分，充当是定从，不充当是同位从。从句结构完整是同位从，不完整是定从。A companythat states their product is the saf
17、est or cheapestneeds to show proof, because these claims can directly affect their competitors.Statements like these, that no one can prove, are called puffery.Some children expressed the ideathat the conservation of rainforests is not important.The most frequent responses to the first question were
18、 descriptionswhich are self-evident from the term rainforest.In the Native American Navajo nation, which sprawls across four states in the American south-west, the native language is dying.They have developed a hit-list of our main fears: that natural resources are running out; that the population i
19、s ever growing, leaving less and less to eat; that species are becoming extinct in vast numbers, and that planets air and water are becoming ever more polluted.Plato express the ideathat homour is simply a delighted feeling of superiority over others.Kant and Freud felt that joke-telling relies on b
20、uilding up a psychic tensionwhich is safely punctured by the ludicrousness of punchline.The factthat jokes tap into our general evaluative machinery explainswhy the line between funny and disgusting, or funny and frightening, can be so fine.The second set of more specific changesthat have led to the
21、 present concern about the distribution of health-care resourcesstems from the dramatic rise in health cost in most OECD countries, accompanied by large-scale demographic and social changes which have meant, to take one example, that elder people are now major and relatively very expensive consumers
22、 of health-care resources.副词性从句状语状语修饰动词：状语用来说明动作的地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式、和伴随状况。可以作状语成分的有：副词、介词短语、分词过去/现在分词等和分词短语、不定式、从句I get up at 7.He runs fast.I am taking courses at school.He comes here by train.状语从句-在复合句做状语，起副词作用的句子叫状语从句，它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。I will call you when I arrive home.The show is
23、 so amazing that everyone applauds.种类时间状语从句(时间状语I have studied English since I came to Beijing.Eg. The latter procedure is unavoidable when working on foreign languages, or child speech.条件状语从句用if/unless引导的状语从句You will not be able to pass the test unless you start to study hard.Eg. If you stick out y
24、our tongue and look in the mirror, you will see that it is covered with tiny bumps.That would matter less if people applied the same degree of skepticism to environmental lobbying as they do to lobby groups in other fields.地点状语从句(where)Where there is a will, there is a way.Eg. Day length isa useful
25、cue for breeding in areas where temperatures are unpredictable.原因状语从句(because,since,as)I am working really hard because I love this job.让步状语从句though,although,even though,no matter whatAlthough I am exhausted, I am still learning.They were not allowed to loiter downtown in an ice cream store, and wom
26、en. although men were allowed one evening a week to take their girlfriends out if they went to church regularly.Even though the mantle rocks are kept solid by overlying pressure, they can still slowly “flow like thick treacle.用so.that或such.that引导的状语从句HKT are so cool that everybody loves them.比拟状语从句t
27、han,as.asHe progresses much faster than I can imagine.They are not expected to perform caretaking duties such as., but nevertheless their jobs are much harder than they were in the 1900s.People are clearly more curious about bad news than good.目的状语从句that,so that,in order that,lest,for fear that,in c
28、aseI must date as many gay friends as possible so that I can have more options.TIPS1.主将从现：当时间状语从句和条件状语从句表示一般将来时的时候，从句中使用一般现在时代替一般将来时。时间：We will start the party when you arrive.条件：We will not start the party unless you arrive.2.条件状语从句含有假设意味，非真实条件句是虚拟语气的一种。If I could not pass IELTS test, I would commit suicide.
