1、3）. Course paper 课程论文 written by undergraduate or postgraduate students（本科生或研究生）. written in line with the course requirements （符合课程要求） decided under the instruction of the course tutor.4）. Thesis/ Dissertation 学位论文 submitted in support of a candidate for a degree; presenting a proposition to argue
2、against or defend; exercising judgment, argument, logic etc. acknowledgements（鸣谢）, abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, data collection and analysis, findings and conclusions, suggestions for future work, etc.3. The style of academic writing 语体 formal language（正式用语）：concise, concr
3、ete（具体）, objective（客观）, logical（合理）, coherent（连贯）. 1）. person: the writer, we, etc 2）. Voice（语态）: passive（被动） 3）. structure: nominal structure（名词结构）4）. specialized vocabulary（专业词汇）4. General structure of an academic papertitleabstractskeywordsIntroductionliterature reviewresearch methodologies and p
4、roceduresresults and findingsdiscussionconclusionreferencesI. TitleGeneral functions 1. summarizing 2. attracting readers 3. facilitating retrieval （便于检索）Linguistic features（语言特征）1. phrase instead of sentence用短语代替句子2. nouns and gerunds名词和动名词Writing requirements 1. brief and concise no more than 20 w
5、ords, 8-12 on average subtitle is advisable if its long 2. specific具体 3. avoid questions不要用疑问句 4. unified grammatically symmetrical, nouns and gerunds not mixed名词动名词不要混用 5. Standard: abbreviations（缩略语）, symbols（符号）, terms（术语）, capitalization（大写）e.g. 1）. LEARNING FOREIGN LANGUAGES AND TEACHING CULTUR
6、EAL BACKGROUND. 2）. Learning Foreign Languages and Teaching Cultural Background 3）. Learning foreign languages and teaching cultural backgroundII. Author/AffiliationGeneral functions 1. Bearing authors responsibility 2. facilitating retrieval and correspondence便于检索和通信 3. heightening academic level f
7、or valuing the academic levels of a researcher or an academic institutionLinguistic features Zhang Xing Chen Xinwu Ouyang Hai ZHANG Xing CHEN Xinwu OUYANG Hai ZHANG, Xing Chen, Xinwu Ouyang, Hai1. format: the requirements of the journal2. number of authors: if more than 5, use “et al.”3. authors tit
8、le omitted4. address: from smaller units to larger ones Wang Shuhua School of Journalism and transmission Northwest University Xian, Shaanxi 710069 P.R. ChinaIII. Keywords1. highlighting the theme2. retrieval便于检索1. more nouns2. limited numbers: 4-6 words on average1. using the required section title
9、: e.g. Keywords/Keywords Index/Keywords and Phrases/Indexing Terms, etc.2. placing the section correctly： below the abstract3. spacing the Keywords关键词之间的间隔： Comma（逗号）, semicolon（分号）, larger space（空格）, no full stop at the end（结尾不要句号）.4. adopting standard abbreviations采用标准的缩略形式IV. AbstractI. Definitio
10、n:An abstract is a succinct （skskt）简洁 summary of a piece of work, usually academic in nature. A self-contained （独立的）entity;tool in searching for information.II. Basic elements: background topic approach three core elements conclusion significanceIII. Category1. Descriptive abstract（说明性摘要）: tells in
11、an all around way what the paper contains, including background, topic, approach, conclusion and significance.2. Informational abstract（信息性摘要）: highlights the approach and conclusion briefly but quantitatively.3. Informational-descriptive abstract（信息-说明性摘要）： A combined form that bears specific infor
12、mation about the approach and conclusion. IV. Structure topic sentence主题句-“what” is in an abstract supporting sentence扩展句-further specifying the subject concluding sentence总结句- summarizing the resultsUseful sentence patterns:Topic sentenceThe primary goal of the research is The chief aim of the pres
13、ent work is to investigateSupporting sentenceThe method used in our study is known as The technique we applied is referred to asConcluding sentenceIn conclusion, we state that As a result of our experiment, we concluded thatV. Writing requirementsLength: no more than 200 words for a long paper 50-10
14、0 words for a short one approximately 3-5 percent of the length of the paper. Comprehensiveness详尽: containing essential elementsConciseness简明: avoiding long mathematical expressions数学公式 and omitting tables表格, graphs, pictures, in-text citations加注, etc.Consistency一致性: consistent with the other parts
15、of the paper与文章的其他部分一致.Tense时态: present, past （approach）, future （significance）Personal pronouns and voices人称代词和语气: 3rd person第三人称, passive voice被动语态, to limit the use of first-person pronouns and mixed voices.VI. Writing techniques1. 5 steps:1）. defining the context, topic and purpose 2）. outlining
16、 the approach and procedures3）. listing results, findings, conclusion and significance 4）. drafting the abstract起草摘要5）. checking 2. 5A strategy: A1 background （one sentence） A2 topic （one topic sentence and one or two supporting sentences if necessary） A3 approach （two or more sentences to give spec
17、ific information about the approach） A4 conclusion （one sentence or more if necessary） A5 significance （one sentence）3. Likely mistakes and common errors:1）. Informal writing style非正式的写作风格 written language书面语; avoid colloquial style避免口语2）. Incompetent content内容不充分 Basic elements included; avoid bein
18、g too simple3）. Monotonous language语言单调 lack of variety leading to monotonous language4）. Imbalance of information background, topic, approach, conclusion and significance should be balanced.V. IntroductionI. General functions1. introducing the background（content） what2. showing the research scope w
19、here3. stating the general purpose why4. explaining the content arrangement（process） howII. Structural featuresa funnel-shape漏斗形Starting with the research background（what has been done）Narrowing down tothe existing problem（what has notbeen done）Focusing onthe presentresearch（what amI goingto do）Back
20、ground in the abstract and introduction Abstract: may not have background;or if there is, it should be very short,just one or two sentences. Introduction: the background should be much longer and more informative, and to take all these previous studies as the background of the present work.III. Expr
21、essions:1. Introducing the backgroundRecent experiments byhave suggestedSeveral researchers have theoretically investigatedThere have been a few studies highlightingIn most studies ofhas been emphasized with attention being given to2. Presenting existing problemsGreat progress has been made in this
22、field, however3. Focusing on the present researchLimiting the scope of workThe problem I have referred to falls within the field ofIntroducing the present workIn this paper, is investigated/studied/discussed/presentedPresenting research methods and proceduresThe method/approach used in the present s
23、tudy isIndicating the organization of the paperThis paper is divided into five major sections as followsTips for writing an introduction:In contrast to an abstract, in this part, one is not encouraged to provide detailed information on the approach and conclusion of ones studyVI. Main TextI. The str
24、ucture of the main body It varies from paper to paper and may depend on whether it is theoretical or experimental.Generally, it covers the 8 items（especially for papers of experimental nature）:Materials usedEquipments, devices, or instruments仪器及设备Methods（steps, procedures, operation操作, conditions, e
25、tc）Calculations计算Surveys or investigations调查（data collection and analysis数据收集及分析）ResultsDiscussionsRecommendations建议Experimental VS Theoretical Papers of the experimental nature: experiments,investigations, analysis of the results. Papers of the theoretical nature: Description描述, logical development
26、逻辑展开,etc.II. Language use at the lexical level词汇层面1.Words with specific meanings2. Words with specific meanings replacing verb phrases by a single word of a specific meaning； replacing informal words and phrases by formal onesverb phrases verbs Informal formalspeed up accelerate without in the absen
27、ce of put in add do a sum calculatebreathe in inhale do/act behavethink about consider about/more or less approximatelytake away remove upside down invertedincrease in amount accumulate sometimes occasionallyjoin together combine a little slightlypush away repel better（than） superior （to）get together concentrate give providepush into insert in the end eventually not natural artificialInformal formalmake less/become less decreaseget bigger expandnot as good （a
