1、一、名词的单复数问题1. 以下限定词修饰可数名词的复数：both, all, these, those, one of ,（a） few, quite a few, several, a great number of, a great many, many, different，all kinds of大于或等于2的基数词等。2. 以下限定词修饰可数名词的单数：this, that, the only, the same, such a/an, many a/an, one，either, neither, every, each,序数词等。3. 以下限定词修饰不可数名词：（a） littl
2、e, much, a great deal of, a large amount of, quite a little, only a little，a large quantity of等。4. 中性的限定词：some, none, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, ,等。但是，a great deal/ a lot均为程度副词，修饰行为动词。例如：I havelearnt a lotfrom your speech, and your advice offered mea great deal of help.5. 可数名词单、复数变化形式（1）规则变化。单数名词
3、词尾直接加-s。如：boy boys, pen pens。以s、x 、ch 、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。,boxboxes, brush brushes。特例：stomachs。以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”。baby babies, lady ladies以“o”结尾的多数加-es。tomato tomatoes,potato potatoes, hero heroes,heroes。（可记忆为：黑人英雄爱吃土豆）。但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o结尾的词只加-s。 如：radio radios, zoo zoos, photo photos, pi
4、ano pianos, kilo kilos, tobacco tobaccos。以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”，之后再加-es。wife wives, life lives, knife knives, wolfwolves, self selves, leaf leaves，thiefthieves等。为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和几片树叶站在架子上把狼劈成两半。）handkerchiefhandkerchiefs, roof roofs, chief chiefs, gulf gulfs, belief beliefs, cliff cliff
5、s。改变元音字母的。man men, mouse mice, foot feet, woman women, tooth teeth, goose geese, ox oxen。child children。复合名词的复数形式。（A）在复合词中最后名词尾加-s。armchair armchairs, bookcase bookcases, bookstore book-stores。（B）man和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时，前后两个名词都要变成复数。man doctor men doctors, woman driver women drivers。（C）与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应
6、在主体名词部分加-s。brother-in-law brothers-in-law, passer-by passers-by。有的名词有两种复数形式。zero zeros /zeroes, deer deers /deer。penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同。pence（便士的钱数），pennies（便士的枚数）。（2）不规则变化。单、复数同形。means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese, sheep, works（工厂）,cattle。合成名词的复数。boy-friend boy-friends, grown-up grown-ups。有
7、些名词通常只用作复数。glasses眼镜，clothes衣服，goods货物，trousers裤子，belongings所有物,wages工资，riches财富, surroundings环境，ashes灰尘, compasses圆规，cattle家畜，congratulations祝贺，have words with sb. 同某人吵架，in high spirits以很高热情地，give ones regards to sb.向某人问候，in rags衣衫破烂，It is good manners to do sth.有礼貌做某事。集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people
8、, cattle, police;有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery;有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看作整体，复数看作集体的各个成员。The crewislarge.船员人数很多（指整体）；areall tired.船员们都累坏了（个体）。6.几个容易误用的名词的单复数： 单复数相同：sheep, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese, means） 只有复数：cattle, people 常以复数形式出现：trousers, glasses, thanks, clothes, remains（
9、遗物）, contents, goods, congratulations, means, sports, preparations（准备）, tears, repairs, regards, games（运动会）以s结尾的学科或专有名词常作单数：politics, maths, physics, the United States, The United Nations7.几组易错名词的用法： many a + 单数名词 = many + 复数名词 集合名词：family, team, audience, enemy, public, group, class, government, co
10、mpany, police, party 作主语时，若看作一个整体时，谓语动词用单数；若表示组成分子，则用复数e.g. The police are on duty at the street corner.My family is / are going to have a long journey. population:1）作为“人口”的总称或“居民”的总数是不可数名词，谓语用单数。2）问“多少人口”时，不说how many或how much，而用what。3）在谈到“人口比多”时，常用large，great；“人口少”时，常用small，而不用much，many或little。4）当谈
11、及“有人口”时， 习惯上用have a population of。5）当“百分数/分数+ of the population”作主语时，谓语用复数。6）表示某个地区人口时，其前应有定冠词。7）population不能与people连用。e.g. The population in China is very large, and 80% of the population are farmers. The city has a population of the million.8.表示“许多”的词组： 代替many，修饰可数名词的有：a great number of, a large n
12、umber of, a good number of, a great many, many a 代替much，修饰不可数名词的有：a great deal of 既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的有：a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large / great / good quantity of, large quantities ofe.g. The teacher gave us a large number of examples.9.名词前多个形容词的排列顺序：描绘性+大小/新旧/年龄/温度/形式+颜色/形状+起源/出处+材料/目的分类 （县官行令色
13、国才）e.g. a pretty little American girl an old stone bridgea small round pine table the dirty old green coat二、.不可数名词的性质：一般来说，液体名词、气体名词、材料名词、抽象名词、物质名词、语言名词、信息名词、抽象名词、心态名词等都是不可数名词。不可数名词具体有以下五大性质：1.前无不定冠词修饰；2.后无复数变化；3.常用it指代；4.作主语时其谓语常用单数形式； 5.复数形式需通过量词的变化来体现。要特别注意抽象名词具体化：Failureis the mother ofsuccess.
14、Tom isa successat maths, buta failurein sports.We usually havelunchat school, but today we will havea wonderful lunchat Mc Donald.A place of interestThere are a lot of places of interest in my home town.三、名词作定语的用法1. 名词的普通格：名词作定语一般用单数形式。There are a lot of shoe shops in the street. But there is only o
15、nejewellery shopin it.但是，如果man 或woman作定语时，则与被修饰的名词保持人称与数的一致。There is onlyone man headteacher in our grade, but fivewomen head teachers2.所有格：包括有生命的所有格与没有生命的所有格。1）.有生命的所有格用s结构，但是s结尾的名词及 s结尾的复数名词只用后加。Marx was happy to receiveEngelsmoney and thanked him for his important help.We sent our teachers some c
16、ards forthe Teachers Day.2）.无生命的所有格常用of结构。We find a small hole in the cornerof the front door.3）双重所有格：限定词+名词+ of+名词性物主代词/名词s：Tomis a friend of mine/Kates.四、名词辨析主要考查同学们对相似的名词词义的辨析和包含名词的常用习惯搭配.另外，高考中还考过的名词短语有： 1.do sb a favor; give sb. an offer; the most popular choice; 2.be of great value;have a word
17、 with sb; at price;have no choice but to do sth; 3.putinto 4.practice;have an effect on; have a little patience;leave a message for sb; 5.other forms of 6.action speaks louder than words;come into effect; be in use;make use of; 7. look into the matter; play an important part/role in主谓一致 英语句子中谓语动词的数必
18、须与主语的人称和数取得一致，这就叫做主谓一致。解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。1.either , neither , each , one , the other , another , anybody , anyone , anything , somebody , someone , something , everything ,everybody , everyone ,no，one，nothing，nobody 做主语时，谓语一般用单数。 Neither of the two sentences is correct . Everything
19、 around us is matter .（注意：none , neither, all ,any作主语时，谓语可用单数，也可用复数，具体取决于说话人的意思。None of them owns/own a car . Neither of the boys are / is interested in geography. All are here. And all that can be done has been done.2. 表示“时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积”等度量的名词做主语时，谓语用单数。 Five minutes is enough . Four hundred
20、francs is a lot of money .3. each and each ，every and every ;no and no ;many a and many a 等结构由于强调个体行为，因此谓语动词使用单数。 Each boy and each girl has got a new English-Chinese dictionary . No sound and no voice is heard for a long time .4.从句、不定式、动名词或短语作主语时谓语动词使用单数形式。 To say something is one thing , to do it
21、is another .（to say something , to do 是不定式） “How do you do?” is not a question but a greeting .（How do you do ?是句子，作主语）what 引导主语从句时应注意其所指的具体内容来确定谓语的单复数。 What we need is more time ,while what they need are more doctors and medicines .5.one and a half 后面带名词的复数，谓语动词常用单数。 One and half bananas is left on
22、 the table .6.用and 连接的两个名词表示单一概念时谓语动词使用单数。 The headmaster and Party secretary is going abroad next month . Bread and butter is my usual breakfast .7.有些名词呈复数形式，但并不表示复数概念。 The news is disappointing that a chemical works is to be built in the west of the city .8.名词由and 或both and 连接主语时，谓语动词使用复数形式。 Both
23、coffee and beer are on sale in the shop .9.people , public , police , cattle 做主语时，谓语动词习惯上使用复数。 The police have caught the murderer. And people are talking about the news.10.表示成双、成套的名词作主语时，谓语动词使用复数。 Your trousers are too long, but these shoes fit you quite well.但有a pair of 连接时，谓语动词使用单数。 A pair of glo
24、ves is a nice present for her.11. 不可数名词作主语，但前面有表示数量的复数名词修饰时，谓语动词用复数。 Three million tons of oil are exploited every year in the oil field.12. 在or , either or , neither nor ,not only but also , not but , there be 等结构中，采取就近原则，即谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近的主语的单复数。 Either the teacher or the students are to blame.
25、Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film.13.下列结构用于引起一个附加的成分，谓语动词的形式应不受附加成分的影响而于前面的主语取得一致: as well as ; rather than ; like ; except ; besides ; with ; along with ; including ; such as; No one but Jack and Mary knows about it . I as well as they am ready to help you .14. some
26、of ; plenty of ; a lot of ; most of ; the rest of ; all（of ） ; half （of ）;分数或百分之+of +名词做主语时，以名词的单复数为准。 A lot of students are waiting outside .And lots of the time has been wasted . More than 70% of the earths surface is covered by water . Ten percent of the apples are bad . The rest of the story nee
27、ds no telling . He stayed at home and the rest of the boys were out at play .15.由a kind of ; this kind of ; many kinds of 和名词+ of this kind 等以及与kind 意思相近的type , sort 等构成的类似的短语做主语时，谓语动词与of 前的名词取得一致。 This kind of apple sells well in China . Apples of this kind are highly priced .16.more than 开头的句子，看其后
28、面的名词。 More than one answer is written on the blackboard . More than two hundred soldiers were killed in the battle .17. 定语从句中谓语动词的形式与先行词一致，但one of +复数名词+who/ that / which 引导的定语从句的谓语动词的形式看one 的前面是否有the （only ）等修饰语，有为单数，无为复数。 This is one of the best books that have appeared this year. She is the only
29、one of those women who doesnt know a thing about knitting（编织） .18. population ; company ; class . team ; family ; group ; nation ; world ; government 等词做主语时，如果强调整体，谓语动词使用单数；如果强调组成成员，谓语动词使用复数。 Our family has a reunion every year . His family are waiting for him .19 .the +形容词，表示一类人，谓语动词用复数;若指单数，则用单数谓语动词。 The rich are for the plan , but the poor are against it . The true is to be distinguished
