1、英语基本句型结构英语中的五种基本句型结构一、句型 1 ： Subject ( 主语 ) Verb ( 谓语 )这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如： work, sing, swim, fish,jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen 等。如：1) Li Ming works very hard. 李明学习很努力。2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon. 事故是昨天下午发生的。二、句型 2 ： Subject ( 主语 ) Link
2、. V( 系动词 ) Predicate( 表语 )这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类：(1) 表示状态。这样的词有： be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep 等。如：1) This kind of food tastes delicious. 这种食物吃起来很可口。(2) 表示变化。这类系动词有： become, turn, get, grow, go 等。如：1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer. 春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。三、句型 3 ： Subje
3、ct( 主语 ) Verb( 谓语 ) Object ( 宾语 )这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词 , 所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。如：1) He took his bag and left. （名词） 他拿着书包离开了。2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. ( 代词 ) 当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。 四、句型 4 ： Subject( 主语 ) Verb( 谓语 ) Indirect object( 间接宾语 ) Direct object ( 直接
4、宾语 )这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示 “ 物 ” 的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指 “ 人 ” 的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有： buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send 等。如：1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present. 她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。2 ） The old man always tells the chil
5、dren stories about the heroes in the Long March.老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。 五、句型 5 ： Subject( 主语 ) Verb( 动词 ) Object ( 宾语 ) Complement( 补语 )这种句型中的 “ 宾语 补语 ” 统称为 “ 复合宾语 ” 。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如：1 ） You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整
6、洁。（形容词）2) We made him our monitor.( 名词 ) 我们选他当班长。 常见的动词有 : tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow 等。如：1) The boss made him do the work all day. 老板让他整天做那项工作。2) I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night. 昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁唱了一个晚上。三种复合句 1名词从句在句中起名词作用的从句称为名词从句，可以在句中作主语、宾语
7、或介词宾语、表语、同位语等，在句中做什么成分就叫什么从句。如: I think (that) he is a good actor. 我认为他是个好演员。（宾语从句） Whether she goes with us (or not) is not important to me. 她是否和我们一起去对我而言不重要。（主语从句） 2定语从句 在句子中作定语的从句称为定语从句。定语从句修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系词在定语从句中充当一定成分， 如:Madame Curie is a great scien
8、tist whose name is known all over the world. 居里夫人是一位世界闻名的大科学家。（在定语从句中作name的定语）We can never forget the day when Hong Kong returned to our homeland. 我们永远不会忘记香港回归祖国的那一天。（在定语从句中作时间状语）3状语从句用作状语的从句称为状语从句。它主要用于修饰句子中的谓语动词，从各个方面来修饰、说明谓语动词发生时的各种情况。如:Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. He is absent today,
9、 because / for he is ill. The boy is so young that he cant go to school. He is such a young boy that he cant go to school定语从句于同位语从句的区别和联系 定语从句与同位语从句的联系 1. 定语从句是形容词从句,其句法功能相当于一个形容词,与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系,即限定它前面的名词范围,或补充一些情况;而同位语从句是名词性从句,其作用相 当于一个名词,与前面的名词是同位关系,是对前面的名词作进一步解释,即说明它前面名词的内容.如: The news that he t
10、old me just now is true. 他刚才告诉我的消息是真的.(定语从句) The news that I have passed the exam is true. 我通过了考试这一消息是真的.(同位语从句) 2. 定语从句的先行词可以是各类名词,而可跟同位语从句的名词通常只是 news,idea,fact,promise,question,doubt,thought,hope,message,suggestion,possibility 等 少数几个. 因此, 引导两种从句的连接词也不完全一样. 可以引导定语从句的连接词有 that, which, who, whom, wh
11、ose, when, where, why 等. 可以引导同位从句的连接词有 that, whether,when,where,how 等.如: The factory which / that we visited yesterday is a chemical one. 我们昨天参观的那家工厂是化工厂.(定语从句) Ive come from Mr Wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon. 我从王先生那里得知一个消息,他今天下午不能来看你了.(同位语从句) 3. 定语从句的引导词在从句中充当一定的
12、成分,可作主语,宾语,状语等;而同位语从句中的引导词在从句中起连接作用,不作任何句子成分.如: The idea that he gave surprises many people. 他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊.(定语从句, that 在从句中作 gave 的宾语) The fact that they didnt finish the work has to be faced. 必须面对事实,他们没有完成工作. (同位语从句, that 在从句中只起连接作用,引导从句解释 fact 的内容,不作任何句子 成分) 4. 引导定语从句的连接词有时可以省去,而引导同位语从句的连接词则不可省去.
13、如: Ill keep the promise (that / which) I made two years ago. 我将履行两年前许下的诺言.(定语从句) I make a promise that I will write to you as soon as I get to Beijing. 我许诺,我一到北京就给你写信.(同位语从句) 5. when,where 和 why 在引导定语从句和同位语从句时,它们的共同点是引导词在这两 种从句中都可以充当状语.但是,定语从句前有相应的先行词,分别为表示时间,地点和原 因状语的名词,而同位语从句前没有相应的名词.如:I still rem
14、ember the day when (=on which) I first came to Beijing. 我仍记得我第一次来北京的那一天.(定语从句) I have no idea when she will be back.我不知道她何时才会回来.(同位语从句)定语从句与同位语从句的区别定语从句与同位语从句都由连词 that 和副词 when,where,why 来引导,看似形式相同,实际上有着本质的区别. 1、定语从句是在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句,句法功能与形容词相同, 是形容词性从句. 而同位语从句是在复合句中, 用以解释或说明某些特定名词的从句, 句法功能与名词相同,故是名词
15、性从句. 另外我们分别来看看相同的引导词不同的含义: 由 that 引导的定法从句和同位语从句的区别:比较 ：(l)The plan (that) Mr.Lee drew up last week was very good. (李先生上周提的方案很好. ) (2)The plan that we should build another lad building was very good. (我们应该再造一个实验楼的方案很好. ) 例(l)中,that 引导的从句限定了先行词 plan 的范围,说明是李先生提出的方案,而 不是别的什么人,但并未说明方案的内容,that 在从句中作宾语,是关
16、系代词,故可以省略, 因此,该从句是个定语从句. 例(2)that 引导的从句说明了方案的内容,that 在从句中不担任任何成份,只起连词作 用,但又不能省略,是个从属连词,因此,该从句是个同位语从句. 2、when,where 和 why 既可以引导定语从句,又可以引导同位语从句,其共同特点是在两种从句中都担任状语,不同之处是,首先:它们作关系副词引导定语从句时,句中有其相应的先行词,如 when 有表示时间的先行词,where 有表示地点的先行词,why 有表示原因的先行词,而它们作为连接副词连接同位语从句时,则没有相应的先行词. 其次, when, where, why 作关系副词引导定
17、语从句时, 可以改为介词+关系代词 which来引导,而它们引导同位语从句则不能这样改. 比较: (1) Do you still remember the year when (in which) you first began to learn English ?(定语从 句)你还记得你最初学英语的那一年吗? (2) I have no idea when you began to learn English.(同位语从句)我不知道你从何时开始学 英语的. As引导的从句1）引导时间状语从句 在 as 引导的时间状语从句中，谓语动词既可以是延续性的也可以是非延续性的；有时从句的谓语动 词也
18、可用进行时形式。as 引导的时间状语从句常可用来强调主、从句中的动作同时发生或伴随发生，常 译作“随着”“一边一边”“一就”等。在省略句中，as 之后经常放置一个名词 ， ， 或名词词组。2）引导让步状语从句 引导让步状语从句 象 although，though，while 一样，as 也可以用来引导一个让步状语从句，意为“尽管，虽然” as ， 引导的这种让步状语从句语气比较强，语体正规，经常用于书面语言，但 as 引导的让步状语从句须倒装。 其倒装要求如下： 表语as主语系动词 （表语经常是由形容词、分词、或名词充当；名词用作表语时，其前不能加用冠词。 ） Young as he is，h
19、e is equal to the task. Crowded as the restaurant was，they tried to find a table. Child as he was，he knew what was the 状语as主语谓语动词 （这一结构中的谓语动词一般是行为动词，既可以是及物动词（带宾语）也可以是不及物动词。 ） Hard as he studied，he did not get good marks in the exam. Early as we got there，our teacher was there before us. Much as I ad
20、mire him as a writer I dont like him as a man. 动词as主语 （在这一结构中，主语后面一般加上情态动词 may，might，will，would，can，could 等，句首的动 词应该保持原形。如果从句中没有情态动词，那么，应在从句的主语之后（根据时态和数的要求）加上助 动词 do、does 或 did。在这一结构中，放在句首的动词如果是及物动词，那么，这个动词连同它的宾语一 起放到 as 之前。 ） Search as they would，they could find nothing in the house. Try as he may，
21、he will fail in the examination. Die as he did，his inspiration lived on. Lose money as I did，I got a lot of experience. 3）引导原因状语从句 as 引导原因状语从句时，语气不及 because 强烈，它接近于 since，now that，as 引导的原因状语 从句一般置于主句之前。 As all the seats were full he stood up. As Davidson had a passion for walking，we started off on f
22、oot. As you are sorry，Ill forgive you. It is very difficult for us to know what to do as we are not his parents. 4）引导方式状语从句 as 引导方式状语从句时，只修饰和说明主句的谓语动词，表示 “按照， 依照” 、 “用什某么方式或方法” ； as 只起引导词的作用，一般不在从句中充担成分；从句一般应置于主句之后，有时也可置于主句之前。如：She cooks fish as my mother does. We must do as the Party tells us to. W
23、e should learn a foreign language as Marx did. As you like maths，I like biology. As a man lives，so he dies. When at Rome do as the Romans do.5）引导表语从句 as 有时可以用来引导一个表语从句，意为“像的样子（那样）。 ” Things were almost as they had been before. His rooms were exactly as he had left them. The cottage is just as it was
24、 in Shakespeares time. 有时可以用来表示比例关系：2 is to 4 as 8 is to 16.（24 8 16） 6）引导比较状语从句 as 可以构成“as as ”结构，表示“原级比较”或“加强语气” ，意为“象 一样”“ 、 达” 。在这一结构中，第二个 as 引导的是一个比较状语从句。这一从句经常使用省略句。 You know as much about that as I do. I havent done as much as I should have liked. Martin was as impatient as he was stubborn. H
25、e considered her opinion as valuable as any of ours. Waves of red light are about twice as long as waves of blue light. She can run as fast as 20 miles an hour. The newly-built bridge is as long as 800 meters. 7）引导补充说明性从句 在 leave as they / it be 句型中，as 引导的是一个补充说明性从句，具有宾语从句的作用。本 句型意为“使 处于原有状态” 。注意前后时
26、态的呼应和数的一致。 Please leave things as they are. We left all the books as they were. We should leave nature as it is. 8）引导限制性定语从句 若限制性定语从句的先行词接受 the same 或 such 修饰时，我们通常要使用 as 来引导定语从句，as 在从句中可以充当主语、宾语或表语。定语从句可以是一个省略句。 Such women as knew Tom （Those women who knew Tom）thought he was charming. I never heard such stories as he tells. We drove out of the town by the same road as we had entered by. Robbie looked just the same as ever.We are now in the same position as at the end of last summer.
