1、 专 业 英 语 教 育2011年 3 月说 明本表需在指导教师和有关领导审查批准的情况下，要求学生认真填写。说明课题的来源（自拟题目或指导教师承担的科研任务）、课题研究的目的和意义、课题在国内外研究现状和发展趋势。若课题因故变动时，应向指导教师提出申请，提交题目变动论证报告。课题来源： 教师指导下自拟题目课题研究的目的和意义：目的：英汉两种语言在词汇和语法方面有一定的共同点，但差异也是明显的。例如，英语和汉语比较起来，汉语中动词用得比较多。英语中的许多词，如名词、介词、形容词和副词在汉译时，往往可以译成动词。英语的词汇量很大，它吸收了大量的其他语言中的词汇，如法语、拉丁语、希腊语等。英语中的
2、同义词和近义词很多，一词多义的现象非常普遍。同样，汉语中的同义词和近义词也十分丰富。汉语的词汇没有形态的变化，它主要靠词语、词序以及内在的逻辑关系来表达句子的含义。英语则通过词汇的各种形态变化来表达句子丰富多彩的语言关系和逻辑关系。由于英语和汉语在语法和表达习惯上存在很多差异，因此在翻译过程中有时必须改变原文中某些词句的词类或句子成分才能准确传达原文的意思。词类转译法就是实现这一目的的翻译方法。意义：翻译是一种跨文化的交流活动。翻译不仅是把一种文字用另外一种文字表达出来，而且还将两种不同的文化进行融合。英语和汉语在语法和词汇表达习惯上存在诸多差异，因此在翻译过程中有时必须改变原文某些词句的词类
3、或句子成分才能准确传达原文的意思。词类转译法就是实现这一目的的翻译方法之一，是翻译技巧中一个重要的组成部分。它的运用会直接影响到译文的质量。掌握了这种翻译技巧，会使译文更自然、更流畅、更符合汉语的表达习惯。只要我们不断学习，不断实践，注意观察，及时总结，我们就会在翻译的实践中逐步学会并掌握好词类转译法。国内外同类课题研究现状及发展趋势：国外：翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整的重新表达出来的语言活动。语言是思维的外壳，人类的思维是由存在决定的，而客观存在是可以认识的，因此一种语言所表达的思维内容，用另一种语言重新表达出来也是完全可能的。早在1959年，雅各布森从符号学的观
4、点出发，将翻译分为：语内翻译，语际翻译，符际翻译。但国外对此课题的研究不是特别的多，在词类转译法方面的研究还不充足。A.F. Tytler 曾在 Essay on principles of traslation 中，对词类转译法进行了透彻的分析。国内：翻译不仅是把一种文字用另一种文字表达出来, 而且还是两种不同的文化的融合。因此在英译汉时务必要注意一些翻译技巧, 来使两种不同的文化进行交融, 其中较为重要的是词类的转译，国内通过大量的例句说明了在英译汉时词类的转译法的一些技巧运用, 特别是不同词类转译成动词的用法, 强调了词类的转译法在翻译中的重要性。我国的翻译事业有约两千年的光辉灿烂历史，
5、早在西汉哀帝时代，有个名叫伊存的人到中国口传一些简短的佛经经句，但谈不上佛经的翻译。约两千年的翻译历史已为我们积累了一份宝贵的文化遗产。我们应当认真总结前人的翻译经验，批判地吸收前人从实践中总结出来的理论、方法，以便继续提高我们的翻译水平，发展我们的翻译事业。课题研究的主要内容和方法，研究过程中的主要问题和解决办法：主要内容：1.词类转译法在国内外英语翻译中的研究意义与创新2.英语翻译中常用的方法和技巧3.词类转译法在英语翻译中的应用4.名词转译为动词与其他转译法的比较主要问题：1.翻译中英语词类转译的定义及种类2.名词转译为动词与其他转译法的比较3.名词转译动词的应用及与其他转译法的比较 与
6、词类转译法-转译成名词的比较 与词类转译法-转译成形容词的比较 与词类转译法-转译成其他词性的比较解决方法：1.对于词类转译法的定义，在大量的资料中进行筛选，达到精益求精。2.对名词转译为动词透彻分析，与其他转译法进行比较分析。3.运用适当的英汉翻译技巧，对研究课题中的重点转译法进行比较。课题研究起止时间和进度安排：1. 2010年12月1日至12月15日：选导师及撰写论文方向。2. 2010年12月16日至12月31日：与导师商榷论文题目。3. 2011年1月1日至2011年3月15日：撰写并提交开题报告。4. 2011年3月16日至2011年4月25日：撰写并提交毕业论文。5. 2011年
7、4月26日至2011年5月7日：准备并参加毕业论文答辩。6. 2011年5月8日至2011年5月12日：导师上交所有论文材料。课题研究所需主要设备、仪器及药品：所需设备：网络、电脑、可移动磁盘。外出调研主要单位，访问学者姓名：指导教师审查意见： 选题合理，立意明确，资料充分，同意开题。指导教师 （签字） 2011年3月 16日教研室（研究室）评审意见：理论教研室主任 （签字）系（部）主任审查意见：英语系（部）主任 （签字） 2011年3月 16日GRADUATION PAPER FOR BACHELOR DEGREEHARBIN NORMAL UNIVERSITY TITLE: The app
8、lication of convertion in English and Chinese translation-Nouns converted into Verbs STUDENT: LiuTing-ting TUTOR: SuYue（Associated prof.） GRADE: Grade 2007 MAJOR: English Education DEPARTMENT: English Education Department COLLEGE: Faculty of Western Languages May,2011The application of convertion in
9、 English and Chinese translation-Nouns converted into Verbs LIU Ting-tingAbstract: Translation is not only an expression from one language to another but also the integration of two different cultures. Therefore, the focus of translation is necessarily on some translation skills from English to Chin
10、ese to achieve the goal, among which the conversion from one part of speech to another is more important. This paper presents some usage of it, especially the conversion from verbs to some other parts of speeches by illustrating a great number of examples in order to stress the importance of the con
11、version of translation .Key words: translation;conversion;faithfulness;expressiveness;elegance1.Introduction Translation is a linguistic activity that apply one language to make another langage express the thought and content accurately and completely again. Translation is also an impotant method th
12、at communicate every ethics mind, and promote politics,economy,culture,science,technology,at the same time, translation is the necessary arm in the international struggle.translation is an important mean to learn foreign languages , it is also a subject which can explore the correspondence between t
13、wo languanges. Conversion is the important skills in translation both in e-c translation and c-e translation. As follows are some theories and examples of conversion in translation.2.The common ways and skills in English and Chinese translation “faithfulness,expressiveness and elegance,” is the crit
14、erion and measurement to balance if the translation is good or not. In a word , the criterion of translation is “faithfulness and smooth”. In order to make the translation more perfect, we should master the different kinds of skills and ways in the translation . there are a great deal of skills and
15、ways, such as: the choice, extend and appraisement of meaning; the conversion; a mplification; repepetion; omission; pros and cons expression; phrasing and close syntax;translation methods of passive voice,nominal clause,attributive clause and adverbial clause; translation methods of long sentence,
16、idiom , onomatopoetic words ; the absorptive method of foreign words .Follows are the explanations and examples of some common skills and ways in the translations .3.The application of conversion in English and Chinese translation In the course of English translated into Chinese, some sentences can
17、translated words by words , while some sentences couldnt use the method of one radish , one holeowe to the different ways of two languages. Some words in the original text need change the parts of speech in the translations, so that it can make the translations more coherent and nature.3.1 The defin
18、ition of conversion In English and Chinese translation, the definition of conversion maybe the changes between words, that is to say, the changes between the parts of speech of two words , such as, the nouns converted into verbs, adverbs converted into verbs, adjectives converted into nouns, adjecti
19、ves converted into adverbs and so on.3.2 The type of convertion in English and Chinese translation In English and Chinese translation process, some sentences can be translated word by word, however, some sentences couldnt due to two different language expression, in the original, some words need to
20、be changed, can we make Chinese translations of coherent nature, to sum up, there are four kinds of conversion in e-c translation:1.convert into verbs Compare English and Chinese ,Chinese has a feature that it has too many verbs or continously nomial structure dynamic, however, in English it usually
21、 has only one verb. For example, in the sentence “he admires the presidents stated decisin to fight for the job”, the English only have one word admires, others used the past participle （stated）, verbs derived nouns （decision）, infinitive（to fight）, preposition（for）, etc. In Chinese, there isnt any
22、changes of the form of word, but could use several verbs continously. therefor,in English there are many words（especially nouns, prepositions, adjectives, adverbs） usually converted into verbs in e-c translation.2.convert into nouns In English, many denominatives,and many nouns converted into verbs,
23、 couldnt find the corresponding verbs easily in chinese, at this time, it can converted into chinese nouns. some verbs appears in the passive sentences can translated into the structures like “by +nouns” or “to be +nouns ”. and adjectives converted into nouns.3. convert into adjectives Some words de
24、rived from adjectives often can convert into adjectives. and some nouns added indefinite article as predicative, can convert into adjectives.4. convert into other conversions The conversion between adverbs and adjectives, when English nouns converted into Chinese verbs, the adjective which modify th
25、e noun can convert into adverbs. when English verbs converted into Chinese nouns, the adverbs which modify the verb can convert into adjectives.4.Comparasion Nouns converted into verbs and other conversions 4.1 Application of nouns converted into verbs In English,a lot of nouns derived from verbs, n
26、ouns with the active meaning and other nouns often can converted into chinese verbs.1.verbs derived nouns converted into verbs,mainly appears in the political styles.1）one after another ,speakers called for the down fall of imperialism, abolition of explotation of man by man,liberation of the oppres
27、sed of the world. 发言人一个接一个表示要打倒帝国主义，要消灭人剥削人的制度，要解放世界上的被迫人民。2）Until 1972,all efforts by the two nations to curb the nuclear-arms race had foundered on one point :U.S.insistence on the right to make on-site inspections of the Soviet strategic arsenal and Russias refusal.到1972年止，美苏之间关于限制核军备竞赛的一切努力都在这一点
28、上失败了：美国坚持有权视察苏方战略武器现场，而苏联则拒绝这样做。3）The 1967 Undocument calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israelis right to exist.1967年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权利的基础上来解决中东冲突。4）Rockets have found applicati
29、on for the exploration of the universe.火箭已经用来探索宇宙。2.nouns with the active meaning（mainly in narrative,describtive styles ） often can converted into verbs .1）The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. 看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。2）As the week drew to a close,the enemy rout wa
30、s complete.一周快结束时，敌人彻底溃退了。3）A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。4）As I taxied over the muddy steel matting of the runway,I got a wave and a grin from my wingman Lt.Rex.Barber.当我驾驶飞机在泥泞的钢垫跑道上滑行时，我
31、的僚机驾驶员雷克思巴伯中尉向我边笑边挥手。3. In English, some nouns added with suffix -er, for example , teacher, thinker, etc. sometimes it doesnt refer to its identity and occupation, only has strong active meaning. In Chinese, when there isnt the right corresponding word, usually can converted into verbs. 1） I am afraid I cant teach you swimming . I think my little brother is a better teacher t
