1、初中英语被动语态专项讲解一、语态概述语态是动词的一种形式，表示句子之中主语和谓语动词的关系。英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态 主动语态表示主语是动作的发出者（或执行者）eg：Many people speak Chinese.谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。eg：Chineseis spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。二、被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词be及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。(被动语态的否定式和疑问式均由助
2、动词或第一个助动词构成。)各种时态的被动语态构成：1.一般现在时：amisare及物动词的过去分词Eg：Im asked to take care of myself. Football is played all over the world2.一般过去时：waswere及物动词的过去分词Eg：This house was built in 1958. His leg was broken in an accident.3.一般将来时：willshall be及物动词的过去分词Eg：More factories will be built in our city. He will be ta
3、ken to hospital tomorrow. 4.现在进行时：amisare being及物动词的过去分词.Eg：A road is being built around the mountain. Many new houses are being built in this city5.过去进行时：was/were being及物动词的过去分词 Eg：The meeting was being held when I was there. We were being trained this time last year. 6.现在完成时：havehas been及物动词的过去分词E
4、g：His book has been translated into many foreign languages. The prices of many goods have been cut again . 7.过去完成时：had been + 及物动词的过去分词Eg：A new school had been set up by the end of last year. 8.含有情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词Eg：The rubbish can be put into the dustbin over there.三、被动语态的基本用法一般来说，在我们日常生活
5、中，能用主动语态的时候就尽量不去用被动语态。只有在下列情况中我们才用被动语态：1.不知道动作的执行者是谁。eg：1).Some new computers were stolen last night.一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。2).This bridge was founded in 1981.这座桥竣工于1981年。3).The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday. 昨天，教室的前窗被打2.没不要说出动作的执行者是谁。Eg:1).The time-table has been changed .时间表已变动了 2).China
6、 was founded in 1949.3.不愿意说出动作的执行者，其目的是为了使语言得体、圆滑等。在这种情况下，有时常用一些句式，如It is said that（据说），It is reported that （据报道），It is well known that （众所周知 ）It is supposed that（据推测说 ） ，It is believed that大家相信，It is hoped that大家希望，It is thought that大家认为，It is suggested that据建议等等。eg:1.It is said that she is going t
7、o be married to a foreigner.据说她要 嫁给一个外国人。 2.It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）4.强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。Eg:1).The glass was broken by Mike.玻璃杯是迈克打破的。2).his book was written by him.这本书是他写的。3）.Your homework must be finished on time.你们
8、的家庭作业必须及时完成。注：使用被动语态的情况口诀：动作谁做的不知道，谁说出的不必要。接受动作需强调，用被动语态最为妙。四、主动语态变被动语态的方法：1.把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。2.把谓语变成被动结构(be过去分词) (根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。3.把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。He plant trees in sping .Trees are planted in sping by him .主动语态变被动语态口诀：宾语提前主语变，原主变宾by后见，时态人称be关键。All the peo
9、ple laughed at him. He was laughed at by all people.They make the bikes in the factory.The bikes are made by them in the factory.He cut down a tree. A tree was cut down by him.被动语态中“by+宾语”的省略：被动语态句式中的“by+宾语”表示及物动词所表示动作的执行者，但是在遇到以下情况时，表示动作执行者“by+宾语”常常被省略。1. 动作执行者不确定时Eg:1.Paper is made from wood . 2.M
10、any people are killed in traffic accidents every day .2. 不必表明动作执行者时Eg：1.English is also spoken as the second language as well as one of the official languages . 2.Football is played in most school .3. 动作执行者为一般大众时.Eg:1.Both English and Spanish are spoken in this area . 2.He is made the monitor of the
11、 class today .五主动语态变被动语态应注意的几个问题：谈谈几种特殊的被动结构1.当句子结构为“主语+谓语+宾语（唯一宾语）”时，把宾语提到句首做主语，然后把谓语改成被动语态形式，最后把原主语变为宾格至于介词by之后。实际运用中by短语常被省略。Eg：1.We finish our homework in the evening .2.Our homework is finished in the evening .2. 当句子结构为“主语+谓语+间接宾语(表示人的)+直接宾语（表示物的）”时，一般把间接宾语变为主语，而直接宾语不变，这样句子显得自然些。如果把直接宾语作为主语，那么在
12、间接宾语前应加介词to或for.Eg:1.She sent me a novel on my birthday. (主动) I was sent a novel on my birthday. (被动)A novel was sent to me on my birthday. (被动)2.My brother bought me a watch yesterday. (主动) I was bought a watch yesterday. (被动)A watch was bought for me by my brother yesterday.(被动)注意：1).间接宾语前需要加for的动
13、词，buy ,sing ,catch ,find ,get,drow ,cook ,keep ,make，offer 等。2).间接宾语前需要加to的动词，bring ,give ,pass ,hand ,leave ,show ,write ,take ,teach ,tell ,thow ,lend,send ,return等3.当句子结构为“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”把主动态变成被动态时，只需将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态句子的主语，而原句里的宾语补足语现在就变成被动态句子的主语补足语了eg：1.They asked me to help them. I was asked to he
14、lp them. 2.Now people can use computers to help them .comouter can be used to help them . 3.We must keep the room clean . The room must be kept clean . 4.We saw them coming over. They were seen coming over. 如果复合宾语是由“宾语+不带to的动词不定式”构成，变为被动语态时，动词不定式前的to要补出来。常见的这类动词有：一感（feel），二听（hear，listen to ）三让（let ,
15、make ,have ）四看（watch ,see ,notice ,observe,+look at ）但动词为let时，to仍可省略。Eg:1.The story made us laugh . We were made to laugh by the story. 2.The teacher let the little boy go home . The little boy was let (to) go home .4.含有情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的主动语态变成被动语态时，由“情态动词be过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。Eg： We can
16、 repair this watch in two days. This watch can be repaired in two days.They should do it at once. It should be done at once.The rubbish can be put into the dustbin over there.5.短语动词的被动语态：一般说来，只有及物动词才有被动语态，但许多“不及物动词+副词或介词”构成的短语动词，相当于及物动词，也可以有被动语态，但变被动语态后，不可把介词或副词漏掉。Eg：1.He turned on the radio just no
17、w. The radio was turned on just now .2.They take good care of the babies . The babies are taken care of.3.The look after the babies . The babies are looked after .6.含有宾语从句的主动语态改为被动语态时，有两种改写方法：1）.用it做被动语态的形式主语，宾语从句保持不变.2）.将主动句中的宾语从句的主语改为被动语态的主语，从句的谓语部分变为不定式。这时的动词不定式所用的形式要与原来的宾语从句保持一致。Eg：They say that
18、 our teacher is busy these days . It is said that our teacher is busy these days.Our teacher is said to be busy these days.7.如果原句宾语有后置定语修饰，变为被动语态时，应把后置修饰语随同宾语一同提前。Eg：we clean the windows of our classroom every day . The windows of our classroom are cleaned every day.8.如果原句主语不是动作的执行者，而是所使用的物质材料，变被动语态
19、时要用介词with.Eg：smoke filled the room. The room was filled with smoke .9.by短语的取舍：1）.当主动句中的主语是people ,one ,we ,they 等泛指性动词时，变为被动语态后，by短语通常省略。Eg：we often speak English in our English class. English is often spoken (by us ) in our English class2).当主动句中是who ，what ，which等做主语，变被动语态后句首的疑问词在句 中的成分由原来的主语变为介词by的
20、宾语，应注意介词by不能丢。Eg：who wrote the book ? who was the book written by ?3).需要强调动作的执行时，by短语不能省略。Eg：uncle wang made the kite . The kite was made by uncle wang .六可与被动语态连用的介词在被动语态的句子中，常用介词by引出动作的发出者，实际上同被动语态连用的介词除by以外还有很多。1.表示谓语动词的动作是为谁或为何目的而发生的要用介词for。(be used for sth /doing sth 被用于被用于做)Eg:1.This new bike w
21、as bought for you . 2.Stamps are used for sending letters .2.表示动作发出者所使用的工具或强调状态时应用介词withEg：1.The trees were cut down with a knife . 2.The bottle is filled with orange .3.表示“被作为(发生)”应用介词as （be used as 被作为使用）Eg：English is used as a first language in Canada.4.在be well-known 后应用介词to，表示“被所熟知”Eg：The Great
22、 Wall is well-known to everyone in the world .5.在be made 后可用多个介词表示不同的意义1).be made in 表示“在某地制造”Eg：This Tv set is made in shanghai .2).be made of 和be made from 都可以表示“由制成的”，但be made of 强调从制成品上可以看出原材料， be made from则表示从制成品上看不出原材料。Eg：1.This table is made of wood . 2.This kind of paper is made from wood.3)
23、.be made by 由（人）制造的Eg：The cake is made by my mother .4).be made into 表示“被制成.” make into 把制成（主动形式）Eg：Glass is often made into glasses .玻璃常被制成玻璃杯。5）.be made after 表示“仿照.制成”Eg：This machine is made after theirs .这台机器是仿照他们的机器制成的。6).be made up of 表示“由.组成”Eg：Our class is made up of fifty students .七不可用于被动语
24、态的情况1.当谓语动词是表示静态的及物动词（短语）时（eg：have ,cost ,hold ,know ,fit ,belong to）不可用于被动语态。Eg:How long did the meeting last ?2.当谓语动词是look ,become ,get ,turn等连系动词，其后的成分多为形容词或名词词组作表语时。 Eg：he looks fine .3.宾语是反身代词，相互代词或与主语对应的物主代词修饰的名词词组时。Eg：1.They taught themselves English . 2.We should learn each other .4.宾语是动词不定式
25、（短语）或动名词时。Eg：1.The students hope to visit the Great wall . 2.He has finished reading the book .5.宾语和动词在意义上为不可分割的固定搭配时。Eg：1.He caught a bad cold last week.2.You shouldnt make faces in class .6.宾语是表示数量，长度，大小，处所或方位的词时。Eg:1.They reached shanghai early in the next morning .2.He left Beijing by bus yester
26、day .7.当宾语是同源宾语时。Eg:Today all of us live a happy life .8.宾语是行为者（人体）的某一部分或人体的器官时。Eg: 1.He could hardly believe his eyes . 2.Mr Hu shook his head and said nothing .9.当宾语是某一组织机构或机关团体名称时。Eg：The man joined the army in1957.八.主动形式被动含义在英语中，主动意义用主动语态表示，被动意义用被动语态表示。但在以下几种情况下，被动意义却用主动语态来表示：一少数动词，既可作及物动词，也可作不及物
27、动词。当它们作不及物动词且用来表示主语内在品质或性能时，可用一般时态的主动形式表示被动意义，其主语大多为事物。常见的有：sell(“销售好)”read(好读”)，write(“好写”)，wash(“耐洗”)，wear(“耐穿)，last，tear,lock ,count ,open ,teach ,drive ,take 等、eg:1). The tickets cost too much and sold badly.这些票太贵了，销路不好。2). Can you lend Hie your pen?Your pen writes better你能把你的钢笔借给我吗?你的钢笔更好写。3).T
28、he pen writes well.这笔好写。4).The door wont open.门开不下来。5).The clothes wash easily. 这衣服很好洗。6). The door wont open. 这门打不开。注意：这类动词的主动形式表示被动意义有三个明显特征1).与not，hardly等否定意义的词连用.2).常与副词well,easily,badly ,poorly ,nicely ,fast ,smoothly ,等连用表示效果或程度。3）句中的主语是谓语动词的承受者。二 某些表示感觉，状态，特征的系动词eg：feel, look, sound, smell, t
29、aste 等系动词，用主动形式表达被动意义，主语是物。 Eg:1.The cloth feels soft. 这布料摸起来很软。 2.His cake tastes good. 他的蛋糕味道很好。 3.Good medicine tastes bitter.良药苦口三 动词need, want, require等表示“需要”或“应该”的意义时， 后用动词 ing的主动式或动词不定式被动形式表示变动意义.。Eg：1).The floor needs sweeping.地板须拖一下。2).The old bike needs repairing (or: to be repaired). 那辆旧自
30、行车需要修理。 3).Your hair needs cutting你的头发需要理了。 4).The wall requires painting这墙壁需要粉刷了。四“主语+be worth doing”句式中ving形式表达被动含义 Eg：1.This book is well worth reading. 2.The film is well worth seeing 五不定式以主动形式表达被动意义的情况主要有以下两种：1).1.不定式作定语与被修饰的词形成动宾关系时，不定式用主动形式表被动意义。 Eg：1.I have something important to tell you.我有重要事情要告诉你。2.Is there anything else to say? 还有别的什么事情要说吗？2).在 “主语 + 系动词+ adj. + to do” 结构中，不定式作为主语的补足语对主语作补充说明，与主语之间形成动宾关系时，其主动形式表示被动含义。（形容词通常为easy, difficult, hard, pleasant, nice, heavy等）Eg:1.The place is easy to find in the map
