1、高考英语指导非谓语动词三步解题法非谓语动词 遇到有关非谓语动词的单选题，可以根据句中的搭配结构、非谓语的主被动形式和非谓语的“时态”三个角度，从语言的结构到语义由简单到复杂依次排选。第一步：根据非谓语形式在句中可作的成分来分析空白处可填入的非谓语形式，看能否在不定式、分词和动名词几个形式之间先排除一个或几个。非谓语动词在句中可作成分一览表主语宾语表语定语状语宾补不定式分词动名词注：1).the分词也可用作主语和宾语；2).现在分词完成式不作定语。1 非谓语形式作主语或宾语时，除“the分词”外一般只能用不定式或动名词。其中不定式作介词的宾语时要使用“特殊疑问词不定式”结构。例如：1).Its
2、very kind of you to help us.2).Fighting broke out between the South and the North.3).The driver failed to see other cars at the moment .4).Please show us how to do that. 2 作状语时，不定式表示目的以及so/asto do和(only)to do中的结果状语，其它状语都用分词来表示。例如：1).To sleep late the next morning,he turned off the alarm clock.（“非谓语主
3、句”模式中，非谓语在句首而且由逗号与主句隔开，此句中的不定式只作目的状语；此时的分词表示时间、原因或条件状语，有时分词前可加when,while,if,before, after,as和though等连词，如：Given more attention,the trees could have grown better. When asked,never be silent.） 2).He came here only to say good-bye to us. （不定式在句中作目的状语时它前面不能用逗号） 3).He spoke a lot at the conference,only to
4、 show his ignorance on the topic. （不定式在主句之后，又有逗号与主句隔开时常用(only)to do形式表示出乎主语意料的结果）第二步：在第一步的基础上从非谓语的主被动形式这个角度进行筛选。1 非谓语用作主语或状语时，一般根据它们的逻辑主语来判断主被动形式的选用；若无逻辑主语，则以主句主语为判断对象。例如：1).Using the dictionary,I found it of great use.（作状语的分词逻辑主语和主句主语相同时，逻辑主语常省去）2).Its so nice to hear your voice.3).Seeing is believ
5、ing.（不带逻辑主语的不定式或动名词作主语时，通常看作第一人称的逻辑主语省略）注意以下特殊情况中非谓语一律用主动式：主语系动词形容词不定式need/want/require(需要) doingbe worth doing2 作宾语或表语时，要根据主句主语来分析主被动形式。例如：1).The little girl would like to be brought to the State with her brother. 2).His story in the jungle is very exciting.3 作定语时，应根据被修饰词来选用主被动形式。例如：1).I have a roo
6、m to paint,so I cant go out for a picnic with them.2).We have a room to be painted.Where can we find a worker?(当句中出现了作定语的不定式动词的执行者时用主动式，否则用被动式)4 作宾补的非谓语主被动形式要根据非谓语动词与宾语的关系来确定。例如：1).Dont have the water running like that. 2).She sat alone in the room,with her eyes fixed on the ceiling.第三步：经过第一、二两步分析仍未
7、能作出最后选择时，可能会剩下不定式和分词内部不同的式之间的选择，即非谓语的“时态”，这时可通过比较非谓语动词和谓语动词所发生的先后来判别。1 不定式的一般式to do/to be done常用在表示非谓语动词发生在谓语之后； 例如：1).I hope to see you again soon.2).Who do you think our teacher will have work on the wall-newspaper?表示与谓语动词同时发生的一个全过程动作或谓语当时所处的状态。例如：4).Have you seen a little boy go into the house? 5
8、).He seems to know that.2不定式的进行式to be doing 和现在分词的一般式doing/being done只用来表示非谓语动词和谓语动词同时发生。例如：1).The secretary worked late into the night, preparaing the long speech for the president. 2).They pretended to be sleeping when Mother came in.3不定式完成式to have done/to have been done和现在分词完成式having done/having
9、been done均表示动作发生在谓语之前。例如：1).He is said to have left.2).Not having heard from him,I wrote to him again.4词常表示发生在谓语之前而及物动词的过去分词则可以指发生在谓语之前或与谓语同时的状态。例如：1).fallen leaves/a burnt-out match 2).The thief was brought in,with his hands tied behind. 若非谓语形式正确而词义仍不同者则需从句义来考虑。 非谓语动词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生，非
10、谓语动词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。1.动词不定式例1：Alotofyoungpeoplearelearningtodrivecars.(同时发生)例2：Allofusexpectedtodiscoveranewoilfield.(非谓语动词动作发生在后)例3：HeissaidtohavestudiedEnglishforthreeyears.(非谓语动词动作发生在前)注：动词不定式的完成式有时用在intended,expected,meant,wereto,wasto等过去式的动词后面，表示未实现的行为。例如：1)Imeanttohavesentthebooktoyoub
11、ymail.（我本想把这本书邮寄给你的。）2)Hewastohavebeenthenewambassador,buthefellill.(他原是要任新大使的，但是他病了。)2.动名词例1：Iamthinkingofgettinganewdictionary.(非谓语动词动作发生在后)例2：WeenjoywatchingcolourTV.(与谓语动词动作同时)例3：Heforgothavingpromisedtowritethingsforus.（非谓语动词动作发生在前。）3.分词例1：Singingasong,hecameintotheroom.（非谓语动词动作与谓语动词动作同时发生）例2：H
12、avingwrittenhiscomposition,hewenttohaveahearttohearttalkwithWang.(非谓语动词动作发生在前)非谓语动词的比较1.动名词和动词不定式在用法上的比较(1)一般说来动名词所表示的动作在意义上是比较抽象的、一般的，时间概念不强，不是指某一次的动作；而动词不定式所表示的动作则往往是具体的一次行为。例如：1）Ilikeswimming,butIdontliketoswimtoday.2)Theypreferstayingindoorswhentheweatheriscold.3)Wouldyouprefertostayathomethisev
13、ening?(2)动词不定式的逻辑主语，常常是句子的主语或句中的某个词；而动名词的逻辑主语可能是句子主语或句中某个词，也可能是泛指一般人物，在句子里是找不着的。例如：1）Ihatetobesittingidle.(我不想闲坐着。)（指自己）2）Ihatesayingnothingatameetingbutgossipingafterwards.(我不喜欢开会不说会后乱说。)（可能指自己，也可能泛指一般人）(3)有些词后既可接动名词亦.1不定式作宾语1) 动词+ 不定式afford aim appearagree arrangeaskbe decidebothercarechoose come
14、dare demanddesiredetermine expectelectendeavorhopefail happen helphesitatelearn longmean manage offer ought planpreparepretend promiserefuseseem tend wait wish undertakeThe driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。2）动词+不定式 ；
15、动词+宾语+不定式ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wishI like to keep everything tidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。3） 动词+疑问词+ todecide, know, c
16、onsider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tellPlease show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。The question is how to put
17、it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。2 不定式作补语1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)advise allow appoint believe cause challengecommand compelconsider declare driveenableencourage find forbid forceguess hireimagineimpelinduce informinstructinvite judge know likeorder permitpersuade remind reportrequest requireselectsend state
18、 suppose tell think traintrust understandurge warn a.Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 b.We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。Find 的特殊用法：Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn.
19、I found that to learn English is important. The next morning she found the man _ in bed，dead. A. lying B. lieC. layD. laying答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。Acknowledge,believe,consider,think,declare(声称),discover, fancy(设想),feel find,guess, judge ,i
20、magine, know,prove, see(理解), show ,suppose, take(以为), understand We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。 Charles Babbage is generally considered_ the first computer.A. to inventB. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。
21、. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。3) to be +形容词Seem, appear,be said,be supposed, be believed,be thought,be known, be reported,hope, wish, desire,want, plan, expect, meanThe book is believed to be uninteresting. 人们认为这本书没什么意思。4)there be+不定式believe, expect, intend, lik
22、e, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstandWe didnt expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。注意 ： 有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider.We regard Tom as our best teacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Mary took him as her father .玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。3 不定式主语1） Its easy (for me) to do that.我做这事
23、太容易了easy,difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible,comfortable, necessary, better;the first, the next,the last,the best,too much,too little,not enoughIts so nice to hear your voice.听到你的声音真高兴。Its necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。2) Its very kind of you
24、to help us.他帮助我们，他真好。Kind,nice, stupid,rude, clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate(考虑周到的),silly, selfish(自私的)例句:It was silly of us to believe him.我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。注意：1) 其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。
25、3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is to的句型(对)To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。4 Its for sb.和 Its of sb.1）for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等： Its very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。2）of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, cle
26、ver, foolish, right。 Its very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。for 与of 的辨别方法：用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如： You are nice.(通顺，所以应用of)。 He is hard.(人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)5 不定式作表语不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如： My work is to clean the room every day. His dream is to be a doctor.6 不定式作定语 不定式做
27、定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如：I have a lot of work to do.So he made some candles to give light.7 不定式作状语1）目的状语To only to (仅仅为了),in order to,so as to,so(such) as to (如此以便)He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。I come here only to say good-bye to you.我来仅仅是向你告别。2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。What have I s
28、aid to make you angry.He searched the room only to find nothing.3)表原因 Im glad to see you.The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _.A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on答案：B.如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于形容词+动词不定式结构的末尾。8 用作介词的toto 有两种用法： 一为不定式+动词原形； 一为介词+名词/动名词, to
29、在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词：admit to承认，confess to承认，be accustomed to 习惯于， be used to 习惯于， stick to 坚持， turn to开始，着手于， devote oneself to 献身于，be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望，pay attention to 注意9 省to 的动词不定式1） 情态动词 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：2） 使役动词 let, have, make：3） 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。注意：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。 I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.4）
