1、MaintenanceManual for Roadways and Bridges2007American Association of State Highway and Transportation OfficialsAASHTO Copyright 2007,by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All Rights Reserved.Printed in the United States of America.This book,or parts thereof,may n
2、ot be reproduced in any form without permission of the publishers.ISBN:#978-1-56051-376-6Published by theAmerican Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials444 North Capitol Street,N.W.Suite 249Washington,DC 20001（202）624-5800www.transportation.orgAmerican Association Of State Highway
3、 and Transportation OfficialsExecutive Committee 20072008President:#Pete Rahn,MissouriVice President:#Allen D.Biehler,P.E.,PennsylvaniaSecretary/Treasurer:#Carlos Braceras,UtahRegional RepresentativesRegion I David Cole,Maine,One-Year Term Kris Kolluri,New Jersey,Two-Year TermRegion II Stephanie C.K
4、opelousos,Florida,One-Year TermButch Brown,Mississippi,Two-Year TermRegion III Debra Miller,Kansas,One-Year TermKirk Steudle,Michigan,Two-Year TermRegion IV Gary Ridley,Oklahoma,One-Year TermRhonda Faught,New Mexico,Two-Year TermImmediate Past President:#Victor Mendez,ArizonaExecutive Director:#John
5、 C.Horsley,Washington,DCState MembersAlabamaG.Mike HarperJohn E.Lorentson,P.E.AlaskaFrank T.Richards,P.E.ArizonaLonnie D.HendrixArkansasRalph J.HallDavid LambertCaliforniaRandell H.IwasakiSteve TakigawaColoradoPamela HuttonWayne LuptonConnecticut Charles A.DrdaMichael W.LonerganDelawareMaria Fantini
6、District of Columbia Aaron HortonMesfin LakewFloridaTim LattnerGeorgiaDavid CrimStephen T.HenryHawaiiKelly Lee SatoIdaho Brent Jennings,P.E.Illinois Eric E.HarmJoseph S.HillIndianaMike BowmanIowaLee A.WilkinsonKansasRoy D.Rissky,P.E.Jaci S.Vogel,P.E.American Association of State Highway and Transpor
7、tation OfficialsHighway Subcommittee on Maintenance2007Chair:#Carlos Braceras,P.E.,UtahVice Chair:#Russell A.Yurek,Maryland Secretary:#James B.Sorenson,Federal Highway AdministrationLiaison:#Ken Kobetsky,P.E.,AASHTOKentuckyNancy B.AlbrightTom SchomakerLouisianaGill M.GautreauWilliam H.Temple,P.E.Mai
8、neBrian T.BurneMichael E.BurnsMarc H.GuimontMassachusettsVacantMichiganVacantMinnesota Curtis GobeliSteven M.LundMississippi Mark C.McConnellJohn D.VanceMissouriJames CarneyDon Hillis,P.E.MontanaJohn BlackerNebraskaCraig LindMichael Mattison,P.E.NevadaRichard J.Nelson,P.E.James R.Souba,P.E.New Hamps
9、hireCaleb B.Dobbins,P.E.Edward S.WelchNew JerseyJeffrey C.CallahanNew MexicoDennis OrtizTom RaughtNew YorkGary R.McVoy,Ph.D.Peter WeykampNorth CarolinaJennifer P.Brandenburg,P.E.Lacy D.Love,P.E.North Dakota VacantOhioMichael A.McColemanKeith C.SwearingenTony VogelOklahomaKevin S.BlossTom WadleyOrego
10、n Doug TindallPennsylvaniaDaniel R.Smyser,P.E.Puerto Rico Jorge A.Vega-BarriosRhode IslandNamvar MoghadamSouth CarolinaJames J.Feda,P.E.Huley G.ShumpertSouth DakotaGreg FullerEd RodgersTennesseeGreg DuncanJoe HoltTexas Zane L.WebbUtahRichard L.Clarke,P.E.Steve McCarthyviVermontPaul E.CortiSamuel B.L
11、ewisVirginiaQuintin D.ElliottErle W.Potter,P.E.WashingtonRobert“Chris”Christopher,P.E.West Virginia John WalkerWisconsinJohn KinarAlison LebwohlThomas R.Lorfeld,P.E.David I.ViethWyomingKen L.Shultz,P.E.U.S.DOT MembersFHWARoemer AlfelorWade CaseyJoyce A.CurtisWilliam R.DooleyCelso GatchalianEugene Ho
12、elkerDavid LawAssociate MemberFederalUSDA Forest ServiceJohn W.Bell,P.E.Associate MembersInternationalAlbertaNick BucykBritish ColumbiaRodney ChapmanNew BrunswickHenry PalmerNova Scotia Martin J.DelaneyOntarioShael E.Gwartz,P.E.SaskatchewanJosh SafronetzOthersTRBAmir N.HannaFrank LisleviiPrefaceThis
13、 2007 revision of the AASHTO Maintenance Manual is based on information gleaned from recent highway transportation literature on maintenance,and field visits and interviews conducted by Kenneth A.Brewer as the principal author under National Cooperative Highway Research Program（NCHRP）Project SP20-07
14、,Task 170.This document was prepared under the guidance of the NCHRP SP20-07,Task 170.Intended for persons early in their career in roadway and bridge maintenance,the Maintenance Manual for Roadways and Bridges will assist them in understanding the various processes,methods,and materials that are ap
15、plied to maintain the bridge and highway system effectively.Also intended to be a dynamic document,the manual will need to be updated as research and applications change the relevant content sections.Historically,highway maintenance has encompassed personnel man-agement,materials selection,equipment
16、 use,and application of methods to react to problems in bridges and roadways,budgeting,and planning.The field is now evolving into a new engineering science of its own,resulting from a synergistic combination of traditional civil engineering,industrial engineering,business management,materials scien
17、ce,industrial psychology,and environmental sci-ence.This manual is envisioned as the first step in documenting that transition;#this first-generation text will lead and guide the professional development of the engineering managers of roadway and bridge maintenance in the beginning of the 21st centu
18、ry.This manual,however,will need to be used in conjunction with your own agencys maintenance operation policy manual,maintenance standards publication,and organizational operation guides.The effective engineering manager of maintenance in the 21st century will have to supplement the education and ex
19、perience brought to the maintenance position with self-study,continuing profes-sional education,and on-the-job training in management principles and concepts.Some illustrations and examples in this manual show a particular product,brand,trademark,agency,or company.AASHTO does not endorse any manufac
20、tured product,licensed process,or other proprietary item shown in this manual.All such illustrations are provided to make the accompanying text more understandable,and no reference to such items in this manual should be construed as an endorsement.Table of ContentsPreface.vii1.0 Maintenance Manageme
21、nt.11.1 Introduction.11.1.1 Evolution of Maintenance Management Concepts and Systems.11.1.2 Development of Integrated Management Systems .21.1.3 Asset Management.41.1.4 Roadway Management.71.1.4.1 Introduction.71.1.4.2 Contract Maintenance.71.1.4.3 Maintenance Management.81.1.4.4 Workforce Developme
22、nt.81.1.4.5 Customer Satisfaction.81.1.4.6 Equipment.81.1.4.7 Pavements.91.1.4.8 Roadside and Environment.91.1.4.9 Snow and Ice Control.91.2 Management and Administration.91.2.1 Functional Aspects .91.2.1.1 Organization for Maintenance.101.2.1.2 Planning and Budgeting for Maintenance.141.2.1.3 Highw
23、ay Construction Definitions（Adopted June 30,1986）.181.2.1.4 Scheduling Maintenance.181.2.1.5 Data Systems to Support Maintenance.201.2.1.6 Incident Management and Emergency Response in Maintenance.211.2.1.7 Work Zone Safety.221.2.2 Human Resources .221.2.2.1 Motivation.221.2.2.2 Training.231.2.2.3 P
24、ersonnel Safety.241.2.2.4 Recruitment and Development.241.2.3 Technical Resources .251.2.3.1 Equipment for Maintenance.251.2.3.2 Materials for Maintenance.251.2.3.3 Models Available for Management of Resources .261.3 Issues of Continuing Concern.261.3.1 Sustainable Development .261.3.2 Designing for
25、 Maintainability .261.3.3 Environmental Sensitivity.26AASHTO Maintenance Manual for Roadways and Bridgesx1.3.4 Application of TQM Principles and Quality Assurance .271.3.5 Litigation Involving Maintenance .271.3.6 Rational and Probabilistic Models to Predict Maintenance Needs and Effects .271.4 Refe
26、rences.272.0 Roadway Maintenance and Management.312.1 Roadway Maintenance.312.1.1 Introduction .312.1.1.1 Preventive Roadway Maintenance Philosophy.312.1.1.2 Interaction with Bridge Maintenance and the Management of Other Functions.322.1.1.3 Interaction with the Design of Facilities.322.1.1.4 Role o
27、f Roadway Maintenance in the Safe,Efficient Operation of Facilities.322.1.1.5 Value of Roadway Maintenance to Agency.332.1.1.6 Value of Roadway Maintenance to the User Community.342.1.1.7 Pavement Management.342.1.2 Maintenance of Roadway Surfaces .352.1.2.1 Planning and Budgeting.352.1.2.2 Scheduli
28、ng.362.1.2.3 Maintenance Needs by Type of Surface.372.1.2.4 Materials for Roadway Surface Maintenance.482.1.2.5 Methods for Roadway Surface Maintenance.542.1.3 Shoulder Maintenance .622.1.3.1 Impact of Shoulder Type on Maintenance.632.1.3.2 Scheduling Shoulder Maintenance.642.1.4 Roadway Drainage Ma
29、intenance.652.1.4.1 Maintenance of Roadway Surface Drainage.672.1.4.2 Maintenance of Subsurface Drainage.692.1.4.3 Other Considerations.712.1.5 Roadside Maintenance .722.1.6 Maintenance of Safety Features.792.1.7 Building Facilities Related to Roadway Maintenance .812.1.8 Special Pathways .832.1.9 S
30、now and Ice Control.832.1.10 Traffic Control Devices and Roadway System Instrumentation.912.1.11 Roadway,Tunnel,and Bridge Illumination.972.1.12 Roadways on Bridges and in Tunnels.1032.1.13 Environmental Aspects of Roadway Maintenance .1062.1.14 Maintenance Work Zone Traffic Control .1102.1.15 Gener
31、al Maintenance Worker Safety Notes .1142.2 References.114xiTable of Contents3.0 Bridge Maintenance and Management.1213.1 Bridge Maintenance.1213.1.1 Introduction .1213.1.1.1 Load Rating of Bridges.1213.1.1.2 Structural Systems.1223.1.1.3 Bridge Maintenance Concepts.1293.1.2 Traveled Surface.1313.1.2
32、.1 Concrete Surfaces.1323.1.2.2 Asphalt Surfaces.1343.1.2.3 Stone and Brick Surfaces.1353.1.2.4 Steel Grate Surfaces.1353.1.2.5 Wood Surfaces.1363.1.3 Structural Decks.1363.1.3.1 Introduction.1363.1.3.2 Preventive Maintenance of Concrete Decks.1373.1.3.3 Concrete Deck Sealing.1373.1.3.4 Concrete Dec
33、k Patching.1383.1.3.5 Polymer Deck Patching.1393.1.3.6 Asphaltic Concrete Patching.1403.1.3.7 Emergency Full-Depth Patching.1403.1.3.8 Crack Sealing.1403.1.3.9 Overlays to Bridge Decks.1413.1.3.10 Concrete Deck Replacement.1423.1.3.11 Timber Bridge Decks.1423.1.3.12 Steel Grid Decks.1443.1.3.13 Maintaining Deck Joints.1443.1.3.14 Deck Drainage Systems.1513.1.3.15 Curbs,Sidewalks,and Railings.1523.1.4 Superst
