1、本文是中英对照毕业设计论文外文文献翻译，下载后直接可用！#省去您找文献、pdf整理成word以及翻译的时间，一辈子也就一次的事！#文献引用作者出处信息:# N Kasim, N A Zainal Abidin, R Zainal, N Sarpin, M H I Abd Rahim and M Saikah Materials Science and Engineerin,2020 （如觉得年份太老，可改为近2年，毕竟很多毕业生都这样做）#英文4041单词，26696字符（字符就是印刷符），中文6424汉字。#（如果字数多了，可自行删减，大多数学校都是要求选取外文的一部分内容进行翻译的。#）#
2、Best practices of Building Information Modelling （BIM） implementation in design phase for construction project#Abstract. Implementation of Building Information Modelling （BIM） was expected to bring improvement in current practices of Malaysian construction industry. In the design phase, there is a l
3、ack of a ready pool of skilled workers who are able to develop BIM strategic plan and effectively utilise it. These create boundaries for BIM nature in Malaysian construction industry specifically in the design phase to achieve its best practices. Therefore, the objectives of this research are to in
4、vestigate the current practices of BIM implementation in the design phase as well as the best practices factors of BIM implementation in the design phase. The qualitative research approach is carried out through semi-structured interviews with the designers of different organisations which adopt BIM
5、 in the design phase. Data collection is analysed by executing content analysis method. From the findings, the best practices factors of BIM implementation in design phase such as the incentive for BIM training, formal approach to monitoring automated Level of Detailing （LOD）, run a virtual meeting
6、and improve Industry Foundation Class （IFC）. Thus, best practices factors which lead to practices improvements in the design phase of project development which subsequently improves the implementation of BIM in the design phase of Malaysian construction industry.#1.Introduction#Malaysian constructio
7、n industrys project development is divided into three major stages, which are pre-construction stage, construction stage and post-construction stage 1. These three stages also being called as a project life cycle involving numerous workers, a list of activities, costs, and stakeholders. According to
8、 National Centre for Construction Education and Research （2008）, there are three activities in pre-construction stage, which are project design, cost estimates and project scheduling while the actual construction work is carried out in construction stage and as in post- construction stage, final ins
9、pection, project administration, project close out and operating and facilities management are the activities involved. This research is focusing on pre-construction stage since it plays a critical role to commence the construction project. The first phase of pre-construction stage which is a design
10、 phase, its necessity to verify the design so that the project meets clients requirements. Design challenges must have been resolved before the end of the final design stage. Furthermore, sufficient details must be provided with the drawings as well to allow accurate construction estimates and opera
11、ting costs together with the construction schedule. On the other hand, in order to achieve success in the critical phase of the project which is a design phase, best practices of technology implementation is vital. Moreover, Malaysian Construction Industry Transformation Programme 2016-2020 （CITP） e
12、ncourages the adoption of Building Information Modelling （BIM） technology as a productivity enhancing tool which will change in the way the industries goes about designing a building and infrastructure as a third strategic thrust 2.#Building Information Modelling （BIM） is one of the technologies whi
13、ch represents the process of development and the use of a computer generated model to execute construction activities such as planning, designing, constructing and operation of a building in a virtual environment 3. Thus, BIM plays its own roles in the design phase to bring the basic traditional met
14、hod into the new emerging method by the use of 3D and 4D parametric authoring tools as object-based modelling software. BIM was introduced in Malaysian construction industry in 2007 by Public Work Department （PWD） and the implementation of BIM was expected to bring improvement in current practices o
15、f Malaysian construction industry. Switching from Computer-Aided Drafting （CAD） to Building Information Modelling （BIM） by the construction parties creates several challenges and benefits in the design phase, but yet, the benefits from BIM implementation outweigh the challenges 4. BIM in Malaysian c
16、onstruction industry is still emerging but yet, it is currently practiced by developers. In addition, there are several challenges that limit the implementation of BIM in Malaysian construction industry focusing on the design phase which was driven by cost, market trends and organizational behaviour
17、s 5. Even though BIM drives to benefits, there are still barriers towards implementing it and achieving those benefits, for example, lack of competent staff to operate the software is the most significant barrier in contractors perspective 6. Thus, the awareness of potential benefits of BIM implemen
18、tation is vital and need to be strengthened by spreading the reason on why it should be implemented at its very best, overcoming the obstacles and optimizing its adoption in the design phase of project development.#There is a lack of skilled workers who are capable of developing BIM implementation s
19、trategic plan and effectively utilize BIM in the design phase 2. The strategic plan involves the selection of BIM tools to carry out design development by considering the strengths and weaknesses. Besides, BIM usage guideline is also limited regarding Malaysian ways of working. Here, BIM can be chal
20、lenging and there is no remedy to treat those challenges and transform it into potential benefits that the adopters might get. This will then give skepticism to the construction firms in implementing it at a very first phase of project development as well. Therefore, to ensure the best practices of
21、BIM in Malaysian construction industry, it is crucial to spread the awareness of BIM advantages and inducements among all parties in this industry in order to improve the current practices of BIM implementation in the design phase. Several best practices are already identified, BIM training for exam
22、ple, but there is a need to find the key factor to ensure the continuous success of BIM training. Hence, this research is carried out to investigate the current practices of BIM implementation in the design phase and the best practices factors of BIM implementation in the design phase.#2.BIM impleme
23、ntation in design phase#Building Information Modelling （BIM） is used in diverse ways in project development by the key players of the construction industry. The architect, for example, implements BIM to produce architectural drawings, followed by engineers producing structural or energy data managem
24、ent and contractor develop coordination model of the building. Concept design does not only provides a framework of design in terms of its structure, spatial layout, and environmental condition, but also the cost estimates, building practices and the aesthetic considerations as well 7. Furthermore,
25、BIM does provide several tools to assist designers that involve in design phase which is Autodesk Revit that composed of Revit Architectural, Revit Structural, Revit MEP as well as Tekla and Bentley that currently practices in Malaysian construction industry 8. In brief, there are various types of B
26、IM tools available for designers to develop project designs. However, it is not necessarily for companies or firms to practice only one type of BIM tools for their designers. This is due to the differences involving the design team in terms of skills, preferences and desired outputs 9. Hence, monito
27、ring is needed to ensure the designers achieves what has been expected from them in term of work quality and productivity if the whole team design practices different BIM tools.#In order to increase the practices of Building Information Modelling （BIM） in the design phase, it is important to address
28、 the potential challenges of its implementation. From challenges identification, solutions and initiatives could be addressed afterward. Eventually, from the solutions of those challenges, the benefits of BIM implementation including its awareness will efficiently spread among the parties in the con
29、struction industry. In brief, there are several challenges highlighted by various researchers focusing on BIM practices in the design phase. The BIM implementation challenges in design phase such as changes in practices, BIM disrupts established design workflow, requires skilled design team, designe
30、rs preferences, time constraints, and integrated use of expert models 71051112. Generally, it involves design teams with other stakeholders such as contractor and sub-contractors, this is where BIM implementation comes to its limits. However, those challenges are quite needed for the government, Mal
31、aysian government, for instance, to enhance initiatives in order to encourage the use of BIM implementation in Malaysian construction industry. Without challenges and problems, there will be no lessons to learn and improve the current practices of BIM implementation in the design phase.#Building Inf
32、ormation Modelling （BIM） offers huge benefits to the adopters, especially in architectural, engineering and construction （AEC） sector. However, those benefits only could be fully achieved if there are proper practices implements by the adopters. Without best practices of BIM, still, it is hard to ex
33、ploit the benefits from the implementation. Hence, it is important to execute BIM implementation best practices strategic plan to ensure the works are clearly defined and understood which makes BIM as a useful tool to develop construction projects 13. Also, the best practices factors of BIM implementation in the design phas
