1、届高考英语语法专题复习讲义语法专题动词时态语态学生版【动词时态语态】【考纲解读】课程标准要求中学生掌握常见的十种时态用法。近三年来各地试题考查最多的是一般过去时、过去完成时、过去进行时、现在完成进行时和现在完成时。高考中动词时态命题，每年每份试卷中都有23个小题，每小题均设置明确的语境。一般来说，命题人总是把易混淆或相近的时态放在一起，增加考题的难度。而被动语态的考点大都集中在被动语态的时态，近三年来考查最多的时态是现在完成时，其次是一般过去时。【名师指导】1. 了解并能正确运用常考的10种时态；2. 熟练运用现在完成时、现在完成进行时、一般过去时等高考高频时态；3. 掌握几种易混时态的区别，
2、如现在完成时和一般过去时等。动词时态的知识网络(以动词do为例)（红字部分为考纲要求时态）现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般时do / doesdidshall/will do/be going toshould/would do进行时am/is/are doingwas/were doingshall/will be doingshould/would be doing完成时have/has donehad doneshall/will have doneshould/would have done完成进行时have/has been doinghad been doingshall/will
3、 have been doingshould/would have been doing时 态1表示习惯性、经常性发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示频度的时间状语连用，如usually，often，always，sometimes，every day等。On Monday morning it usually takes me an hour to drive to work.星期一早晨，通常花费我一小时开车去上班。2表示客观事实、真理、格言或者警句等。As we all know, the earth travels around the sun.众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。3表示按照时间表、计
4、划安排好的或者规定的行为，只限于go, come, leave, start, stop, arrive, begin, return, open, close等表示动作趋向性或移动意义的词。My dream school starts at 8：30 am and ends at 3：30 pm.我理想的学校上午8：30上课，下午3：30放学。4在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。If you come this afternoon, well have a meeting.如果你今天下午过来，我们将开个会。5在某些以here，there开头的句子中，用一般现在时表示现在发
5、生的动作或存在的状态。Here comes the English teacher.英语老师来了。典例 (2015全国卷语法填空)This cycle _(go) day after day：The walls warm up during the day1表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示具体的过去时间状语连用，如yesterday, last month, just now, the other day, three days ago, in 1989等。The other day I came across an old friend on the top of Moun
6、t Tai.前几天，我在泰山顶上偶然遇到了一位老朋友。2在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。He said he would not attend the meeting any longer if it rained.他说如果下雨他不参加会议了。3表达“原以为/本来认为/原希望”等意义时，know, think, expect等动词常用一般过去时。I didnt expect to meet you here.我没料到会在这里碰见你。4常见句型(1)It is time that sb. did sth.“该到了”。(2)It is/has been一段时间sincedid
7、 sth.“自从做某事已经一段时间了”。(3)would/had rather sb. did sth.“宁愿某人做某事”。It is time that we took action to protect our environment.该到我们采取措施保护环境的时候了。It is/has been three years since he joined the army.他参军3年了。典例 (2016全国卷丙语法填空)Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and _(be) too violent for use
8、 at the table.1一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，即单纯的将来事实。He will graduate from Beijing University next year.明年，他将毕业于北京大学。2三类表示一般将来时的特殊结构：(1)be going to do sth.表示计划、打算要做某事或者有预兆要发生某事。Look at the cloud. It is going to rain.瞧那乌云，天要下雨了。(2)be to do sth.表示按计划或安排即将要做某事，或者按照职责、义务、规定等要做某事。We are to obey these rules when w
9、e go into the library.当我们去图书馆时，我们要遵守这些规章制度。(3)be about to do sth.表示即将要发生某事。该结构通常不与具体的时间状语连用。The train is about to leave.火车即将开出。典例 (2015全国卷书面表达)If you are able to come with us，please let us know and we _(wait) for you at the school gate at 9 in the morning.1表示此刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态，常与时间状语now，at the moment,
10、at present等连用。He is watching a football match on TV at home now.他现在正在家里在电视上看足球赛。2一些特定的表示动作趋向性的短暂性动词come, go, leave, get, start, open, arrive, begin, return等常用现在进行时表将来。How many of you are coming to the party next week？你们中有多少人下周要来参加聚会？3现在进行时态与频率副词always, constantly连用表达某种感情色彩，如不满、厌恶、赞赏等。You are always
11、forgetting the important thing.你总是把重要的事情忘掉。(表达出不满的情绪)典例 (2015北京高考书面表达)I _(write) to tell you my exciting plan for the summer holiday.1过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作或者存在的状态。He was playing basketball with his friends on the playground at 3：00 pm. yesterday.昨天下午3点他正在操场与他的朋友们一起打篮球。2表示过去一个动作发生时另外一个动作正在进行。She was w
12、atching TV when a burglar broke into her house.当盗贼闯入她家时她正在看电视。3表示过去按计划、安排将要发生的动作，此用法常见动词有go, begin, leave, arrive, come, return等。I was coming to visit you later that day, but I had to phone and cancel.我本打算那天晚些时候去看你，但是我不得不打电话取消了。典例 (2016北京高考单项填空)Jack _(work) in the lab when the power cut occurred.表示将
13、来某个时间正在进行的动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。常用的时间状语有：soon, tomorrow, this evening, by this time, in two days, tomorrow evening等。This time next week Ill be lying on the beach, enjoying the sunshine.下星期这个时候，我正躺在海滩，享受着阳光。典例 (江苏高考)Could I use your car tomorrow morning?Sure.I_(write) a report at home.1表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造
14、成的影响或结果，常用的时间状语：already, so far, never, just, before, recently, for a long time, in the past/last few years等。Progress has been so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.到目前为止，工作进展顺利，我们确信一定会按时完工。2表示过去已经开始，一直持续到现在(也许还会继续进行下去)的动作或状态，常与“since时间点”或“for时间段”等表示一段时间的状语连用。I reme
15、mber you were a talented pianist at college. Can you play the piano for me?我记得你在大学时是一位极有才华的钢琴师。你能为我弹钢琴吗？Sorry, I havent played the piano for years.抱歉，我好多年没有弹钢琴了。3现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作。Please return the book to me when you have finished it.当你读完这本书请归还给我。(1)注意牢记以下固定句型：It is/has been时间段since表
16、示“自从以来已经”。It is/has been ten years since I graduated from the university.我大学毕业已十年了。This/It/That is the first/second/thirdtime that表示“这/那是(某人)第几次做某事”，that从句中要用现在完成时。It is the first time that I have visited the city.这是我第一次游览这座城市。This is形容词最高级名词that结构，that从句要用现在完成时。This is the best film that Ive (ever)
17、 seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。(2)注意避免思维定势：一看到for时间段，就用动词的现在完成时态。一定要看语境强调是“该动作曾经做过多长时间”(一般过去时)，还是“该动作已经做完多长时间”(现在完成时)。 Yang Zhenning lived in America for many years and now he lives in China.杨振宁在美国定居多年，现在他生活在中国。Dashan has lived in China for many years.大山在中国住了许多年。典例 (2015全国卷语法填空)When a new day breaks, the walls _
18、 (give) up their heat and are now cold enough1表示到过去某一时间之前动作已经完成即“过去的过去”，常见的时间状语有by, until, when, before等。When he was in Beijing, he visited places where he had played as a child.他在北京的时候游览了他儿时曾玩过的地方。By the time Jack returned home from England, his son had already graduated from college.杰克从英国回到家时，他的儿子
19、已经大学毕业了。2表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用过去完成时表示“原本(事实上未能)”。We had expected that you would be able to win the match.我们原来预料你们能够赢比赛。3表示一个过去的动作先于另一过去的动作发生，这种情况多见于宾语从句。He remembered that he had left the key at home.他记得他把钥匙落家了。4过去完成时的常用句型(1)It was the first/secondtime that这是第
20、一/第二次It was the third time that the boy had been late.这是那个男孩第三次迟到了。(2)had hardlywhen刚就；had no soonerthan一就。如：I had hardly opened the door when he hit me.我刚打开门，他就打了我。He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。典例 (2016浙江高考单项填空)Silk _ (become) one of the primary goods traded along th
21、e Silk Road by about 100 BC.1常用来表示开始于过去某个时间、一直持续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。(2015全国卷完形填空)For days the kids have been looking for others we can help.几天以来，孩子们一直在找我们能够帮助的其他人。2表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。I have been calling him many times this morning, but theres no answer.今天早晨我一直给他打了很多电话，但是没人接。典例 (全国卷短文改错)Since thenfo
22、r all these yearswe had been allowing tomatoes to selfseed where they please.（可以不用单独讲解，只结合宾语从句的时态原则讲解即可）过去将来时表示在过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。即过去将来时是“立足过去，着眼未来”的一种时态，常用于宾语从句中。The shops would soon close, and all the people would go home.这个商店不久将关闭，所有的人将回家。典例 (2015全国卷完形填空)In the store, I asked each of my kids t
23、o pick something they thought our “friend” there _ (appreciate) 单句语法填空1(全国卷语法填空)He _ (ride) beside the bus and waving his arms. I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver2(2015全国卷语法填空)It was raining lightly when I _ (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn. But I didnt care.3(2017泰安检测)Mr Whit
24、e _ (teach) in our school for nearly forty years before he retired last month.4(2015北京高考单项填空)In the last few years, China _ (make) great achievements in environmental protection.5(2017山东邹城一中月考)That was the first time I _ (be) to Hong Kong so I had great difficulty finding the hotel. 单句改错1(2016全国卷甲短文
25、改错)Some classmates suggest we go to places of interest nearby. I thought that it is a good idea._2(2017江西四校联考)I will keep the habit of taking regular exercise, such as running, swimming and various ball games. During my holidays, I would travel to my dreamlands. _3(2016浙江高考短文改错)Then he and my mother
26、 would have had a drink while she prepared dinner and they would talk about his day and hers._4(江苏高考)The manager is said to have arrived back from Paris where he met some European business partners._5(2015全国卷短文改错)A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside the shop._6(2015全国卷短文改错)Tony was
27、 scared and begun to cry._语 态主动语态变被动语态记忆口诀一般现、过用be done，be有人称、时、数变。完成时态have done，被动将been加中间。一般将来shall (will) do，被动变do为be done。将来进行无被动，shall (will) be doing。现在完成进行同，have (has) been doing。现、过进行be doing，被动be加being done。情、助、有、是妥安排，一律随新主语变。否定助后加not，疑问一助置主前。主语恰是疑问词，直陈语序主在前。一般情助加be done，双宾多将间宾变。复合宾语宾变主，宾补、
28、主补相应变。注释：be有人称、时、数变即be有人称、时态和单、复数的变化。情助是指情态动词和助动词must，may，can，shall，will等一律随新主语(多是主动句中的宾语)来变化。疑问一助置主前是说有两个助动词的话，应把主语放在第一助动词之后或把第一助动词置于主语之前。1不能用被动语态的特殊动词(1)系动词类(look, seem, feel, taste, sound, prove, appear等)。(2)表示主语特征的词(read, wash, write, sell, wear, lock等)，常与not, hardly, well, easily, badly, nicely
29、等副词连用。This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布料容易洗。2get构成的表示被动的短语此类短语主要有get paid/lost/hurt等。We get paid every week.我们按周获得薪酬。3主动形式表示被动意义(1)在need, want, require, deserve, bear（）等动词、worth等形容词的后面，动名词主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The house needs repairing/to be repaired.这房子需要修理。(2)在某些“主语(人/物)be形容词不定式”中不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting等。The problem is difficult to work out.这道题很难计算出。典例 (2016四川高考语法填空)The giant panda _ (love) by people throughout the world.单句语法填空/单句改错1(2016全国卷丙语法填空)Truly elegant chopsticks might _ (make) of gold and
