1、电感器inductor储能元件storage element电场electric field充电 charge放电discharge动态的dynamic电介质dielectric电容capacitance磁场magnetic field电源power supplu变压器transformer电机electric motor线圈coil电感inductance导线conducting wire绕组wingding漏电阻leakage resistance电子系统electronic system结构图block diagram功能模块functional block放大器amplifier滤波器
2、filter整形电路wave-shaping circuit振荡器oscillator增益gain输入阻抗input impedance带宽bandwidth晶体管transistor集成电路integrated circuit电力电子power electronics数字信号处理digital signal-processing输出装置output device模拟信号analog signal数字信号digital signal传感器transducer采样值sample value模数转换器analog-to-digital converter频谱frequency content采样频
3、率sampling rate or frequendy扰动disturbance分立电路discrete circuit数字化信号digitized signal运算放大器operational amplifier有源电路active circuit电子部件electronic unit封装package 管脚pin同相端noninverting terminal反相输入inverting input电路图circuit diagram压控电压源voltage-controlled voltage source开环增益open-loop gain闭环增益closed-loop gain负反馈n
4、egative feedback正饱和positive saturation线性区linear region电压跟随器voltage follower等效阻抗equivalent impedance逻辑变量logic variable位bit数字字digital word字节byte半字节nibble与运算AND operation真值表truth table与门AND gate非门NOT gate或门OR gate加号addition sign 与非门NANA gate异或运算XOR operation逻辑表达式logic expression二进制binary system正逻辑posit
5、ive logic负逻辑negative logic参考方向reference direction理想变压器ideal transformer电气绝缘electrical isolation阻抗匹配impedance matching电力electrical pewer绝缘变压器isolating transformer电压互感器voltage transformer电流互感器current transformer原边绕组primary winding工作频率operating frequency配电变压器distribution transformer电力变压器power transform
6、er磁通密度flux density铁芯变压器iron-core transformer大功率high-power空芯air-core磁耦合magnetic coupling小功率lower-power励磁损耗magnetizing loss磁滞损耗hysteresis loss涡流eddy current励磁电流exciting current漏磁通leakage flux互磁通 mutual flux芯式core form壳式shell form高压绕组high-voltage winding磁链flux linkage电动势electromotive force有效值root mean
7、square value匝数比turns ratio视在功率apparent power匝数the number of turns 升压变压器step-up transformer降压变压器step-down transformer电动机motor发电机generator机械能mechanical energy电能electrical energy电磁的electromagnetic 直线式电动机linear motor同步电机synchronous machine感应电机induction machine定子stator转子rotor气隙air gap轴shaft电枢armature励磁绕组
8、field winding无功功率reactive power制动状态braking mode稳态steady-state相序phase sequence反响制动plugging滞后电流lagging current励磁电抗magnetizing reactance启动电流starting current变频器frequency changer感应电势induced voltage逆变器inverter周波变换器cycloconverter换向器commutator自动控制automatic control控制器controller期望值desired value压力pressure液位liq
9、uid level被控变量controlled variable方框图block diagram传递函数transfer function工程控制process control伺服系统servomechanism流率flow rate加速度acceleration前向通路forward path补偿correction反馈通路feedback path闭环closed-loop开环open-loop输出output手动调节manual adjustment变送器transducer误差error控制方式control mode比例控制proportional control积分控制integr
10、al control微分控制derivative control执行元件manipulating element调节时间setting time残差residual error不确定度uncertainty观测数据observations采样sample算术平均arithmetic average期望值expected value标准偏差standard deviation下限lower range limit上限upper range limit跨度span分辨率resolution死区dead band灵敏度sensitivity阈值threshold可靠性reliability过量程ov
11、errange恢复时间recovery time过载overload过量程极限overrange limit漂移drift准确性accuracy重复性repeatability系统误差systemic error再现性reproducibility校准calibration线速度linear velocity角速度angular velocity弧度radian测速仪tachometer增量式编码器incremental encoder定时计数器timed counter稳定性stability接口interface调节器conditioner开关switch执行器actuator电磁阀sol
12、enoid valve连续控制系统sequential control system触点contact常开normally open常闭normally closed限位开关limit switch继电器relay延时继电器time-delay relay接通电流pull-in current开断电流drop-out current电机启动器motor starter接触器contactor自锁触点holding contact整流器rectifier变流器converter二极管diode阳极anode阴极cathode正向偏置forward biased反向偏置reverse biased
13、阻断block稳压二极管zener diode晶体管transistor 集电极collector基极base发射极emitter共发射极common-emitter双向晶闸管triac正半周positive half-cycle触发电流trigger circuit功率容量power capability功率器件power device晶闸管thyristor导通conduction正向阻断 forward-blocking通态on-state关断状态off-state反向击穿电压reverse breakdown voltage漏电流leakage current电流额定值current
14、rating漏极drain门极gate缓冲电路snubber circuit均流current sharing额定电压rated voltage可控开关controllable switch相控phase-controlled充电器charger工频line-frequency变换器converter整流rectification逆变inversion可逆调速revesible-speed再生制动regenerative barking关断时间turn-off time纯电阻负载pure resistive load脉动ripple感性负载inductance load周期time perio
15、d带内部直流电动势的负载load witn an internal DC voltage波形waveform换相commutation稳态steady state交流侧AC-side延时角delay angle交点intersection电力系统power system发电厂generating plant负荷load输电网transmission nerwork配电网distribution network电electricity天然气natural gas原理图schematic diagram锅炉boiler热效率thermal efficiency风力wind power断路器circ
16、uit breaker变电所substation故障fault过电压overvoltage击穿值breakdown value过电流over current合闸线圈operating coil分闸线圈trip coilCircuit theory is also valuable to students specializing in other branches of the physical science because circuit are a good model for the study of energy system in general,and because of th
17、e applied mathematics,physics,and topology involved.电路理论对于专门研究自然科学其他分支的学生来说也十分有价值，因为电路一般可以很好地作为能量系统研究的模型，并且电路理论涉及应用数学、物理学和拓扑学的相关知识。Charge is an electrical property of the particles of which matter consists,measured in coulombs.电荷是组成物质的原子微粒所具有的电气属性，其单位为库仑。The common term signal is used for an electri
18、c quantity such as a current or a voltage when it is used for conveying information.当像电流或电压这样的电量用于传递信息时，常称这个电量为信号。These laws,known as Ohms Law and Kirchhoffs Laws, form the foundation upon which electric circuit analysis is built.欧姆定律和基尔霍夫定律是电路理论的基础，电路分析就建立在这些定律的基础之上。Georg Simon Ohm（1787-1854）, a Ge
19、rman physicist, is credited with formulating the current-voltage relationship for a resistor.德国物理学家乔治西蒙欧姆，因提出了电阻的电流电压关系而享誉世界。Such an equivalent resistance is the resistance between the designated terminals of the network and must exhibit the same i-u characteristics as the original network at the te
20、rminals.这样的一个电阻是在网络的指定两端等效，并且在这两端等效电阻具有与原网络相同的伏安特性。The unit of capacitance is the farad（F）,in honor of the English physicist Michael Faraday（1791-1867）.电容的单位是法拉（F），是为纪念英国物理学家迈克尔法拉第（1797-1878）而命名的。It takes power from the circuit when storing energy in its field and returns previously stored energy wh
21、en delivering power to the circuit.当电容器在电场中储能时，它从电路中吸收功率；当电容器向电路提供功率时，它就释放先前存储的能量。But in order to enhance the inductive effect,a practical inductor is usually formed into a cylindrical coil with many turns of conducting wire.为了增加电感的感应作用，实际的电感器通常是由许多匝导线绕制成的圆柱形线圈构成的。The unit of inductance is the henry
22、（H）, named in honor of the American inventor Joseph Henry（1979-1878）.电感的单位是亨利，是为纪念美国发明家约瑟夫亨利而命名的。Inductance is the property whereby an inductor exhibits opposition to the change of current flowing through it ,measured in henrys.（H）电感器具有与流经它的电流变化相反的特性，用电感来描述这一特性，其单位为亨【利】（H）.Electronic systems control
23、 fuel mixture and ignition timing to maximize performance and minimize undesirable emissions from automobile engines电子系统控制燃料混合和点火定时，以使汽车发动机的性能最佳、尾气排放量最少。By comparing the time of arrival of the signals and by using certain information contained in the received signals concerning the orbits of the sat
24、ellites ,the position of the vehicle can be determined.通过比较信号到达的时间，采用包含在接收信号中的与卫星轨迹相关的信息来对交通工具进行定位。典型的模拟信号的幅值随时间变化的曲线如图（a）所示Digital signals are binary ;however,more levels are sometimes useful.数字信号是二进制的；不过，有时也采用其他多进制。Each sample value is represented by a 3-bit code word corresponding to the amplitud
25、e zone into which the sample falls.每个采样值都可以用一个与采样所规定的幅值区域相对应的3位编码字来表示。Thus,when a DAC converts the code words to form the original analog waveform ,it is possible to reconstruct only an approximation to the original signal- the reconstructed voltage is in the middle of each zone .因此，当数模转换器将编码字转换为原模拟
26、波形时，复现一个与原始信号相近的信号是可能的-复现的电压位于各自区域的中心。Op-amps are commercially available in integrated circuit packages in several forms.用集成电路封装的几种形式的运算放大器在实际中应用广泛。An input applied to the noninverting terminal will appear with the same polarity at the output,while an input applied to the inverting terminal will app
27、ear inverted at the output.输出与加到同相端的输入极性相同，而与加到反相端的输入极性相反。Although the power supplies are often ignored in op-amp circuit diagrams for the sake of simplicity ,the power supply currents must not be overlooked.为了简单起见，尽管在运算放大器的电路图中常省略了电源，但来自电源的电流一定不能忽略。Although we use the addition sign（+） to represent
28、the OR operation ,manipulation of logic variables by the AND,OR,and NOT operations is different from ordinary algebra.尽管我们用加号来表示或运算，但是逻辑变量的与或非运算与普通的代数运算是不同的。If the inputs to a NAND are tied together ,an inverter results.如果将与非门的两个输入端连到一起，与非门就变成了反相器。The OR operation can be realized by inverting the input variable and combining the results in a NAND gate .将输入变量取反后再用与非门组合在一起就能实现或运算。In either case ,the magnetic cores are made up of
