1、5A版常用的鞋子分类英文General Glossary of Shoe Types常用的鞋子分类英文GeneralGlossaryofShoeTypesGeneralGlossaryofShoeTypesJustasanote,thereisoftenawidedivergencebetweenthetermsusedbymodernshoemakersandthetermsusedbymodernarcheologistsandcalceolgists.Weknowveryfewofthetermsusedbymedievalshoemakers,andfewerstillthoseter
2、msusedbyEnglishshoemakers(sincethisdocumentisinEnglish).Therefore,mostofthesetermswillbemodern.Thosethataremedievalshoemakingtermswillbenotedinitalics.Modernshoemakingjargontermswillbeinboldface,andgivenpreference.Termsthatarenotdocumentablymedieval,butlikelyare,willbegiveninboldfaceditalics.Moderna
3、rcheologicaljargontermswillbeunderlined(Pleasetrynottoconfusethesewithhyperlinks,whicharealsounderlined).Specificsourceswillbenamedinbrackets.Manyoftheshoesdiscussedbelowarenotmedieval,butmaybeindicativeofatypeAlbertAmensslipperstylewithatonguelikeeGtensionoftheupperovertheinstep.www.shoeworld.co.uk
4、/shoeworld/help/glossary.html;AlpargataAtypeofsandalmadefromwovencord.Ithasashapedsoleandattachedstraps.ItisworninFrance,SpainandItaly.Ankleshoe(AnkleBoot)Anitemoffootwear,andasubsetofboot,wherethetopisapproGimatelyontheanklejoint,oreGtendsjustabovetheankle.Basan(Othermedievalspellingsinclude:Basn,B
5、aseyn,Basan(n)e,Basyn,Bazan,Bazen(n)e)Thewordsearliestappearanceseemstobeabout1300,althoughatleastonesourcehassuggestedthatitwasalsousedforastyleofAnglo-Normanridingbootwornbytheclergy.BattsAtypeofshoe,generallypopularwithwomeninthe17thand18thcentury.ItresembledtheheaviermensBlackjackshoewithlatchet
6、stiedorbuckledoverthetongue.BlackjackAtypeofOGfordshoe,madefromJackLeather,withlatchetstiedorbuckledoverthetongue.(Maynotbeacorrectname)Boot,Bote(Othermedievalspellingsinclude:Bat,Bate,But,Bute,Buyt,Latin:Bota/Botarum,Ocrea)AfamilyoftypesoffootweareGtendingabovetheankle,andmayendjustabovetheankle,ca
7、lflength,kneehigh,orthighhigh.Cokersandhuesesareprobablytypesofbotes.Abotemaylackanyclosure,ormaybelaced,buckledorbuttoned.Basedondocumentaryevidenceandillustrations,boteswerewornbylaborers,huntersorriders.Thismayalsorefertoatypeoflegging,orleatherhose.Anitemoffootwear,thelegofwhicheGtendsatleastto,
8、orabove,theanklejoint,andmaybeanankleboot,calf,kneeorthighboot.Thornton/Swann,1983Webber,1989Grew/deNeergaard,1988Aclosedformoffootwearreachingovertheankleorhigher,andlackingafasteningopening,fasteningorclosure.Goubitz,20GGAcoveringforthefootandlowerpartoftheleg,usuallyofleather.(DistinguishedfromaS
9、HOEbyeGtendingabovetheankle.Inearliertimesusedonlybyriders.)OEDBoot,DemiChaseBoot,FullChaseBote(Othermedievalspellingsinclude:Bat,Bate,But,Bute,Buyt,BootLatin:Bota/Botarum,Ocrea)AfamilyoftypesoffootweareGtendingabovetheankle,andmayendjustabovetheankle,calflength,kneehigh,orthighhigh.Cokersandhuesesa
10、reprobablytypesofbotes.Abotemaylackanyclosure,ormaybelaced,buckledorbuttoned.Basedondocumentaryevidenceandillustrations,boteswerewornbylaborers,huntersorriders.Thismayalsorefertoatypeoflegging,orleatherhose.Boteu(Othermedievalspellingsinclude:Bateau,Botewes,Butewe,Buttwe.Butewes,Buttows,Buttois,Lowb
11、ootsLatin:Coturnus,Botula,Crepita)Akindoflowboots,reachingabovetheankleandperhapsashighasthecalf.BotewAkindofbootthatreacheduptheleg,oftentoovertheknee.InLatinOcreola.PromptoriumParvalorumBroadToedShoes(Othertermsinclude:Bearpaw,BearsClaw,Cowmouth,Escarpin,Hornbill,Horned,Kuhmaul,Scarpina,Solleret)T
12、owardstheendofthe15thcentury,asinterestforpointedtoedshoeswanedamongthestylish,thefashiondriftedtowardsmoreblunt,squared-offtoes.However,aswiththecrakowes,thebroadtoedshoeseventuallybecamegrosslyeGaggerated.Thesestyleswerelimitedattimestoamere6incheswide.TheywereoftenwornbytheGermanmercenarysoldiers
13、.Unfortunately,IamunawareofareallygoodtermfromtheerainEnglishtodescribethese,andmostofthetermsthathavebeenusedalsomeanotherthingsaswell.Alsomanyofthesedorepresentvariationsinstyles.Brodequin(Brodequin,Cothurnus,Corthurnus,Korthornos,Scin-hose,Socca,Soccus,Sokke)A15thcenturyboot,reachingthecalvesorkn
14、ees.Thesearereferredtobymanynamesthatarealsousedforothersortsoffootwear.Mostoftentheyareerroneouslyreferredtopasbuskins.Brogue(Brogan,Rullian)Alow,sturdyshoeforcountrywear,ofScottish/IrisheGtraction.OriginallyahobnailedCarbatine.BudapestAwell-knownfull-brogueDerbystyleofshoewithahightoecap.VassBuski
15、nBuskinisa16thcenturywordforatypeofsoftleatherbootreachingthecalforknee,orperhapsashorterlacedboot,possiblyderivingfromthe15thcenturybrodeguin.Startinginthe16thcentury,historiansstartedreferringotherfootwear,suchastheancientGreekcothurnus/corthurnus/korthornos,asbuskinsbecausetheyvaguelylooklikeBusk
16、ins,leadingtomuchconfusionaboutwhatabuskinreallyis.Ithasalsobeen,usedtorefertolowstockingsandhoseofleather,linen,silk,orembroideredandbrocadedfabrics.SeealsoSocc.Calc(Latin:Calciamenta)AnAngloSaGontermforaformofsandalOwen-Crocker.CaligaeIntheMiddleAgesthisreferredtoatypeofclericalfootwear.Historical
17、lythenamederivedfromtheRomanCaligae,thebootswornby1stcenturyRomansoldiers.CalopedesALatintermforwoodensoledshoes.SeePattens.Also,thismayrefertoasortofAngloSaGoneraclericalfootwear,possiblybecausetheyhadwoodensoles.Carbatine(Karbatine?)One-pieceshoeswithsolesandupperscutfromasinglepieceofleather.Thee
18、dgeswerecutintoloopsthroughwhichalacingpulledtheupperstogether.Acenterseamshoemadefromasinglepieceofleatherwithasinglesoleandanopenworkupperfastenedbyalace.ThisgeneraltypeofshoewasamongtheearliestofshoesamongtheGreeks,RomansandearlyCelticpeoples.ItcontinuedtobewornwellintotheMiddleAgesinto1000CE,and
19、incertainareaswaswornintothe20thcentury.EGamplesincludetheearlierbrogue,andtherivelins,pampooties,andopankes.ThetermCarbatinaappearsinCatullus98(97)4possisculosetcrepidaslingerecarpatinas.LewisandShortdescribesitasequivalenttotheGreekkarbatne,akindofrusticleathershoe;Folletdefinesitasshoesofundresse
20、dleather,brogues,mocassins.Genophon:somewhoseshoeshadwornouthadmadethemselveskarbatinai(gen.fempl.)outoffreshflayedoGhide,orundressedrawhide.HesychiusreferstoKarbatina(gen.neu.pl)asarusticsfootwearofonelayerofleather.PolluGclaimsthetermreferstotheCarians.Itisanadjective,Karbatinos/Karbatina/Karbatin
21、on,thatsimplymeansmadeofleather.(MythankstoBambiWimett,BrianODonnell,HeatherRoseJonesandJudyGerjouy,fortheirhelphere).Chaucer(Othermedievalspellingsinclude:Chauceor,Chaude-pis,Chaude-pisse,Chau-pis,Chau-pisse,Chauser,Chausses,Chausure)Leggingsorhoseofleatherormaille.Theyarepossiblyrelatedtohueses.Ch
22、opines(Othermedievalspellingincludes:Shopines)High,corksoledshoesinthe16thcentury.Thesedevelopedintothepantofle.ThereallyeGaggeratedstyleswerenotseeninEngland.Clog(Clogge)Acountrymansshoe.Woodensoledshoe,ormorespecificallyawoodensolewithaleatheruppernailedtoit.Awoodenorwooden-soledshoe,bootoroversho
23、e.17th-18thcenturyclogovershoeshadonlyawedgeofwood.Thornton/Swann,1983IntheMiddleAges,thisreferredtoatypeofovershoewithawoodensoleheldonbystraps.SeealsoPattens.Inthe18thcenturyandlater,thisreferredtoawomansovershoemadefromleatherorclothwithacovered-corkblockbuiltuptosupportthewaistoftheshoeworninsid
24、eSagutoAwoodenshoe.Coker(Othermedievalspellingsinclude:Cokyr,Cocur,Cuker,Quequer,Latin:Cocurus,Coturnus,Ocrea)Thistermreferstoashortlacedboot,oralacedleggingwornbyfarmers,hunters,fishermentoprotectthelegs.PromptoriumParvalorumInlatertermsthisseemstobewhatdevelopesintotheHigh/Low.Otherauthorswanttore
25、fertorevelinsascokers.CorkedshoesShoesmadewithanysortofcorksole.Cowmouth(SeeSolleret).Crakowe(Crakow,Cracowes,Krakau,Krakow,Poulaine)A14thcenturyshoewithalongpointedtoe,peakorpike.CrincAnAngloSaGontermforaformofsandalOwen-Crocker.DerbyAnopen-lacedstyleofshoewidespreadinEurope,oftendoublestitchedandd
26、oublesoled.AlsoknownasBluchers.themostcommonvariantsareplain,full-brogues,andsemi-brogues.VassEaredShoeInthe16thcenturyfollowingalongperiodofpointedshoes,toesbecameverysquareandwide;forashorttime,c.1535-55,thecornersofthetoewereeGtendedsidewaysresemblingears.Espadrille(Scarpetti)Ashoemadewithasoleof
27、braidedcordorrope,withcanvasuppers.ItisworninItaly,FranceandSpain.TheScarpettiisashoewornforrockclimbing.EstivauG(Aestivales)ApparentlyatypeofbootsmadefromeGpensivefabricintheAngloNormanperiod.Full-brogueAtypeofshoedecoratedwithperforatedpatterns,withwingedtoecapsandrowsofperforations.VassGaloshes(G
28、alliochios,GaulishShoes,Galegge,Galoch).SeeOvershoe.Inmedievalparlance,aclogorpatten.Wooden-soledshoeswithleatherstrapsintendedtoprotectshoesfromroughstonepavements.WorninoneformoranotherfromtheRomanerauntiltheAmericanColonialEra.InLatin,Calopodla.Gamashe(Othermedievalspellingsinclude:Gamash,Gamachi
29、o,Gamache)Akindofleggingofcloth,worntoprotectthelegsfrommud,dirtandwet.GolfingshoesSportsshoesthatareoftenhandmade.Thetopsoleisfittedwithninetoelevenspikesforincreasedstabilityongrasscoveredground.VassHalf-brogueSeesemi-brogue.HighShoe(Othermedievalspellingsinclude:HeighScoh,Scoh,Unhege-SceoModernte
30、rmsinclude:AnkleBoot,AnkleShoe,Halfboot)AshoethateGtendstotheankle,orslightlyhigher.Thereisnowaytobemorespecificbetweenthehighshoeandlowboot,asthemedievalmeaningarenotclear.Hueses(Hauses,Husseaus)Akindofleggingorhose.Alsopossiblybootsthatreachthethigh.Theycanhavepikes,andsomaybefootedhosewithleather
31、soles.Theyarepossiblyrelatedtochaucers.Leggings(Chauses,Gaiters,Gamashes,Hueses(?),Splatterdashes,Spats)Legcoveringsofleatherorclothstretchingupfromthefeet(tothewaist),withastrappassingundertheshoe.TherearepicturesofmedievalpeasantswearingwhatlookverymuchlikeWWI&IIcanvasarmyleggings.LoaferSeeslip-on
32、.Moccasin(HudskoorHideshoe)SeeRivelin.MonkApuritanical-lookingshoe,asitsnamesuggests.Itsmoststrikingfeatureisthefactthatitsquartersarefastenedtogetherwithabuckle,oreventwo,anditisoftenrichlydecorated.Itowesitselegancetoitslongvamp.VassMuklukAnInuittermdenotingasoftleather,heelessshoewithafabricleggingattached.ThelowerportionisoftenmadefromSealskinorWalrushide,whiletheleggingsaremadeofca
