1、Which do you think are the images that most truly express how people feel about themselves and the world?,Lecture Outline,definition,Intercultural communication,culture,characteristics,communication,functions,definition,elements,mode,characteristics,definition,forms,elements,right attitudes,1.What i
2、s culture?,More deeply:what the behavior and customs mean to the people who are following them,On the surface:customs and behavior,In a word:Culture is all about meaningsHall:Culture is everything and everywhere,Sir Edward Tylors definition in 1871（first use of this term）:“that complex whole which i
3、ncludes knowledge,belief,art,morals,law,custom,and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”,Kroeber and Kluckhohn（1952）-Culture:A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions（listing more than 300 definitions）,Culture consists of patterns,explicit and implicit,of and
4、for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols,constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups,including their embodiment in artifacts;the essential core of culture consists of traditional（i.e.historically derived and selected）ideas and especially their attached values;culture systems may
5、,on the one hand,be considered as products of action,on the other as conditioning elements of further action.,Porter&Samovar The deposit（沉淀物）of knowledge,experience,beliefs,values,attitudes,meanings,hierarchies,religion,notions of time,roles,spatial relations,concepts of the universe,and material ob
6、jects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.-Intercultural Communication:A Reader,Basic functions of culture,Culture makes all things easy.-by providing meaning to events,objects and people-making life less confusing-by provi
7、ding us with structure-the skills and rules necessary to adapt to our world,A culture can also be understood as a particular way to satisfy our human needs.Lets follow Abraham Maslow!,ADAPTIVE,LEARNED,transmitted,INTEGRATED,symbolic,CULTURE IS,The Characteristics of Culture,unconscious,Subject to ch
8、ange,1）Culture is learned consciously or unconsciously:（enculturation）*through Proverbs,Folktales,Myths,and legends*through Art e.g.Beijing Opera*through Mass Media,Behaviour Traditions Artefacts buildings,clothes,art etc.,Beliefs Attitudes Perceptions Values,way of doing things（10%）,way of thinking
9、（90%）,2）Most part of culture is unconscious Culture as an iceberg,explicit,tacit,Can you tell which of the following are above the water and which are below?,What people eatWhat people wearWhat games children playHow to use timeHow to introduce peopleHow to participate in ceremoniesRules for gesture
10、sRules for facial expressions and eye contactEtiquette Work speedWhat is right or wrong,beautiful or ugly,clean or dirty,good or bad,etc.Car parking,Case Study Richard,an engineer from the United States,was invited to take tea with one of his British colleagues while he was in England.This was a pur
11、ely social,relaxed occasion.Tea was served along with sugar and cream.As he helped himself to some sugar and cream,he sensed he had done something wrong.Can you tell what went wrong?,“Help yourself”VS.“Be my guest”,Oct.5,2005 21st CenturyChanging Tastes“This July China Daily reported severe obesity
12、affects 16 to 20 per cent Chinas young urbanites.”“A major study released by Centre for Public Nutrition and Development last September found as income increases,energy intake increases.But a high percentage of that extra energy comes from fat.And grains and potatoes were eaten less.”,3）Culture is s
13、ubject to change,4）Culture is transmitted from generation to generation5）Culture is based on symbols 6）Culture is integrated 7）Culture is adaptive（acculturation）,Linell Davis:five metaphors（to be more easily understood）,Culture is like an iceberg some is visible（history,literature,customs）most is in
14、visible（feelings and attitudes）Culture is our software physical selves as the hardware,become human when programmed with the software of cultureCulture is like the water a fish swims in notice everything except the waterCulture is the story we tell ourselves about ourselves people tell stories to te
15、ll who they are and stories also change to adapt to changing circumstancesCulture is the grammar of our behavior people learn their cultural grammar unconsciously and apply them automatically in order to behave appropriately in any society,Mainstream culture,co-culture or subculture?,When we talk ab
16、out culture,we mainly refer to mainstream culture.Co-culture Vs subculture,2.What is Communication?,It comes from the Latin word“communicare”,it means to give or to exchange.Now,the most common meaning of“communication”is to give or exchange information or ideas.Communication is our ability to share
17、 our ideas and feelings.（the basis of all human contact）Communication is a dynamic,systematic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human interaction with symbols.（J.T.Wood）,Elements of communication,ContextParticipantsMessages（meanings,symbols,encoding and decoding）Channels Noise（e
18、xternal noise,internal noise,semantic noise）feedback,Linear Model of Communication,Sender,Receiver,Channel（message）,encoding,decoding,noise,Is this an effective model of communication?,Mode of Communication,Interactive Model of Communication,SenderReceiver,SenderReceiver,encoding,decoding,noise,Feed
19、back is essential to good communication,decoding,encoding,message/channel,message/channel,Transactional Model of Communication,SenderReceiver,SenderReceiver,encoding,decoding,noise,We continually influence each other through communication,decoding,encoding,message/channel,message/channel,Fields of E
20、xperience,Relationship Dimensions,Characteristics of communication,1）Communication is dynamic,Communication is an ongoing activity.It is not fixed.A word or action does not stay frozen when you communicate;it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action.,Characteristics of communication,2
21、）Communication is interactiveA interactive view holds that communicators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversations.,Characteristics of communication,3）Communication is irreversible,Communication is an irreversible process.We can never
22、undo what has already been done.Although we may try to qualify,negate,or somehow reduce the effects of our message,once it has been sent and received,the message itself cannot be reversed.,Characteristics of communication,4）Communication is contextual.,All communication takes place within a setting
23、or situation called a context.By context,we mean the place where people meet,the social purpose for being together,and the nature of the relationship.Thus the context includes the physical,social,and interpersonal settings.,6.Intercultural Communication,Samovar&Porter Intercultural communication is
24、communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.intercultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities.,Intercultural Communication Vs Cross-cultural Communication,Cross-c
25、ultural communication the similarities and differences in value orientations,affective dispositions,relationship management,communicative styles（psychological process）Intercultural communication the penetration by a member of one culture into another culture（practical significance）,International com
26、municationInterracial communicationInterethnic communicationIntracultural communication,Forms of Intercultural Communication,a.International communication,International communication takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals;it is quite formal and ritualized（仪式化）.,United Na
27、tions Conference,b.Interracial communication,Interracial communication occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races.,c.Interethnic communication,Ethnic groups usually form their own communities in a country or culture.These groups share a common origin or heri
28、tage that is apt to influence family names,language,religion,values,and the like.,d.Intracultural communication,It is defined as communication between or among members of the same culture.,Discussion:Discuss the following cases of communication and decide to what extent they are intercultural.,Commu
29、nication betweenA Chinese and an American,A Canadian and a South African,A male and a femaleA father and a sonA person from Beijing and one from Tibet,A first-generation Chinese American and a third-generation one,A student form Hong Kong and a teacher from XianA software technician and a farmer,etc
30、,任何人与人之间的交际都应该被视为跨文化交际。SingerSamovar&Porter:西方人亚洲人 最大分歧意大利人沙特阿拉伯人美国人希腊人美国人德国人美国人操法语加拿大人盎格鲁撒克逊血统的美国白人拘留地的印第安人盎格鲁撒克逊血统的美国白人美国黑人美国人英国人美国人操英语加拿大人美国城市居民美国乡村居民天主教徒浸礼教徒主张男性权力者主张男女平等者异性恋者同性恋者环境保护者房地产开发商 最小分歧,What we focus on in this course is communication between cultures beyond country boundaries.,7.Elements of Intercultural Communication,Perceptions（beliefs,values,attitudes,world views,social organizations）Verbal processes（the ways in which cultures employ symbols to portray things and experiences）Nonverbal processes（share thoughts and feelings by way of bodily b
