1、高考英语 热点专题阅读理解 试题专题十四 阅读理解 141题型解读从2021年英语科?考试大纲?对考生阅读理解才能测试的要求看，09年高考英语阅读理解的命题思路会仍然保持稳定，突出“得体地使用英语的才能；用英语获取和处理信息的才能；用英语分析问题和解决问题的才能以及批判性思维的才能。按体裁划分，英语的阅读理解文章可分为记叙文、应用文、说明文和议论文，其中记叙文包括新闻报道、人物传记等，应用文包括广告、通知、申请书、图表文章等，说明文中科普类文章在高考试题中出现的比拟频繁，议论文包括文化、历史、教育、文学，还有社科类题材。记叙文多以人物为中心，以时间是或者空间为线索，按事件的发生、开展和结局展开
2、表达。记叙文的阅读要注意：1)注重对人物和事件的分析。理解记叙文的六要素，即时间是、地点、人物、事件的起因、开展和结果，从整体上把握文章的内容2)理清文章的线索。记叙文都有一个贯穿全文的线索，以人物、事件、行踪为线索，或者以人物的思想感情变化为线索。分析线索有利于把握文章的行文思路和文章的构造3)弄清文章的记叙顺序4)分析各种描写的方法并理解不同方法对不同主题的表达作用。5)注意分析记叙文中的议论和抒情文字。议论文是高考英语阅读理解中必考的体裁，文章内容涉及人文类题材，如文化、历史、教育、风俗习惯，以及社会科学类，如社会学、心理学、经济学，以及自然科学 、生命科学等。在做这类阅读理解试题时要注
3、意把握文章的论点、论据和论证。议论文的文章一般来说有一定的难度，试题多为观点识别题、推理判断题、写作宗旨题和细节理解题，解题时要立足语篇，寻找与试题有关的关键词句，把握文章的内涵，不能主观臆断或者凭空想象，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。高考英语阅读理解的内容更生活化、信息化、时代化，较多涉及广告等应用文体。应用文是贴近生活的文体，包括广告、通知、申请书、图表文章等，形式多样，题材各异，是英语阅读理解中出现得较多的文体。从近年的高考英语阅读理解试题看，应用文的题材出现的比拟多，比方学术活动安排、大学介绍、旅游观光等。广告文章的阅读一般可采用跳读、略读等快速阅读方法，快速阅读信息，先理解文章的
4、大致构造内容，再看试题，带着问题在文章中搜寻相关信息；做此类阅读理解时，是先看试题还是先看文章应视个人的阅读习惯和详细语篇而定，但广告文章比拟长，不必记住所有信息，而要抓住文章的主要线索，再看试题，带着试题的问题到相关信息处寻找答案。4.新闻报道与科普文 新闻报道的文章在高考试卷阅读理解中占有一定的比例，文章短，句子构造比拟复杂，要注意正确理解文章的含义。科普类文章包括太空与海洋、环境保护、创造创造、动物世界等，是高考英语阅读中必不可少的体裁，一般来好所科普类文章的特点为：1)构造严谨，逻辑性强，文章有明确的主题，论证主题的事实以及明晰的文章构造，一般由导入、背景、主体和结尾这几个局部，主题局
5、出如今文章的开头或者结尾。这种阅读文章往往有比拟复杂的句子构造，长难句较多，句法分析比拟困难，有时会使用多种语言现象，如被动与态、定语匆遽、虚拟语气等。2)在处理科普类文章时要通读短文，理解文章的主题，抓住表达主题的关键词句，特别是长难句的理解，这是理解文章和解题的关键。5.高考阅读理解还有海外风情类的文章，多为名胜古迹、地域特色、异域风光、英HY家节日介绍等。142命题分析从近年高考英语阅读理解文章和试题看，主要有以下特点：1词汇量保持稳定，并略有增长近几年高考阅读理解局部的阅读量根本保持稳定，但自主命题新增加的其他阅读理解考察形式如阅读填空、阅读简答题的出现使阅读量略有上升，这增加意味着对
6、阅读速度的要求在进步，因此我们要提醒和培养考生进步阅读速度。2更加注重综合理解才能的考察阅读理解才能测试的主要设题方式有：1理解所读材料的主旨和大意；2理解文中用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节；3根据上下文推断词、短语或者句子的含义；4根据文章的表达，作出简单的推理判断；5理解文章的根本篇章构造；6理解作者的意图、观点和态度。阅读理解题型为：主旨大意题；分析推理题；细节理解题；猜想词义题；以细节判断试题为主，并加大深层次理解试题和篇章构造试题的考察力度。3更加注重语言材料的真实性高考阅读理解文章的语言材料一般都出自英HY家阅读材料原文或者适当修改，表达原汁原味，即in English, abou
7、t English (cultures, countries,etc.)，不会出现反映中国的人或者事的文章。4选材多样化阅读理解试题体裁广泛，一般有记叙文，议论文，说明文和应用文；题材涉及内容广，在选材方面，突出生态环保、人物传记、名人轶事、社会风俗文化、群众科普、广告、文学作品、社会热点、时文报道等，这些题材能使考生扩大对异域文化的接触。5阅读速度要求每分钟60单词。2021年高考阅读试题的命题方式和往年根本保持一致。命题特点如下：阅读材料的选择尽量作到体裁分布均匀，题材多样，语言地道，材料多为最近几年国内外报刊、杂志上具有时代性的原汁原味的文章。有很强的时代气息。143应试技巧常用解题方法
8、三遍阅读法第一遍：阅读全文，把握文章大意第二遍：扫读语块，搜索有效信息第三遍：查读题项，定位正确答案 阅读理解题目设置类型 细节题 细节转述题1 浅层理解 数字题 图表题 排序题 中心思想最正确标题2 深层理解 作者意图推断题划线句子和段落在文中的作用阅读理解应试技巧1.快速、准确地捕捉信息词句，做好细节理解题。先阅读一遍题目，把题目的要求储存在大脑中，带着疑问去快速阅读，然后找出与题目相关的信息词句加以理解分析，去伪存真。此种方法能有效地防止做细节理解题时的失误。【技巧总结】准确捕捉信息，注意对信息进展综合分析，分清主次、真伪，防止受信息的干扰，陷入高考题所设下的陷阱，误选干扰项，因为某些干
9、扰选项在文章中也能找到根据，具有很强的迷惑性。2. 进展推理判断，做好推理判断题策略指导：深层含义通常是隐藏在文字背后的延伸之意，弦外之音，如作者的意图、倾向、语气，人物的性格、心理、情感，故事的结局，事情的因果关系等。因此大家需调动自己的逻辑思维才能，透过字里行间，去严密推理，合理想象。【技巧总结】隐含信息并非空穴来风， 而是有源之水，即隐含信息也是以文章的语言为载体。大家应准确捕捉信息，调动智力因素，严密推理，合理想象，忌凭空想象 或者断章取义。在阅读理解中结合自己的常识进展判断是必要的，但决不能以常识取代信息分析。推理判断既要严密，又要灵敏。3. 进展词义的判断，做好语意理解题策略指导：
10、首先从词汇所处的语境进展分析，注意上下文之间的关系，如：假如出现that is, that is to say或者破折号等，我们可以断定，后面的内容是对前面内容的解释；假如出现转折词but, however, yet以及表示相反结果的on the contrary, on the other hand等，我们可以从所给内容相反的意义去考虑。【技巧总结】高考语意判断题很多都是考察旧词新义的理解。因此大家需把词汇或者短句的字面意义与语境和上下文结合起来，选择最切合文章内容，最符合上下文逻辑的意义，切忌望文生义。4. 抓住文章的中心和主线，做好主旨大意题策略指导：读完一篇短文后应有意识地回味一下文章
11、的大致内容，理一理文章的脉络，体会一下段与段之间的内在联络，这样做文章的中心一般都能概括出来, 涉及文章主旨大意方面的题目自然会在头脑中由模糊变明晰。【技巧总结】我们在归纳文章主题时，一定要注意选项的内涵和外延必须能恰如其分地概括文章的主题，既不能范围过大，也不能把某一细节或者侧面误当作主题。阅读时我们还应注意捕捉文章出现频率较高的中心词汇以及文章和段落的主题句。在选择文章题目时，还应注意语言方面的特点：文章题目往往具有凝练、醒目的特点5. 猜想词义题猜想词义是从特定的角度考察考生的阅读理解才能和处理生词的才能。猜想词义包括对词、词组和句意的理解，是高考英语试题阅读理解中的一类必考题。猜想词义
12、题常见的解题方法如下：1根据上下文线索猜想词义任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进展符合逻辑的综合分析而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，也是高考的热点。2根据定义或者解释猜想词义阅读文章中的有些生词尤其是新闻报导及科普类文章中的生词，往往在其后有对该词进展解释说明性的短语或者句子，如to be, that is , mean, stand for, namely, to refer to, to mean ,in other words等，有时也以同位语、定语从句的形式出现，或者用破折号、括号来表示。3根据反义词或者反
13、义关系有的文章作者为了增强表达效果，会用一对反义词提醒事物的不同点，形成鲜明的比照，这时只要把握其中的一词，就不难推出另一词的含义。4根据同义词或者近义词关系常见的引出同义词的标志性词语有or, like, similarly等。5利用例证性线索某些冷僻的词汇后面会举一个例子，使词汇详细易懂。等连接性词语往往用来举例说明前面较难理解的名词。6根据构词法猜想词义阅读中常会遇到一些由所熟悉的单词派生或者合成的新词，可利用构词法知识来推测其意思。6. 阅读理解中的长难句理解策略指导：阅读理解中的构造复杂的句子一般分为两大类：第一类是由复合句或者并列句构成的长复杂句子；第二类是略句。对于第一类句子，大
14、家应抓其主干成分，理解其主体意思，其他的成分都是对主体意思的修饰和补充。对于第二类句子，大家应通过上下文找出略成分，把句子补充完好。【技巧总结】构造复杂的句子往往出如今说明文或者议论文中，这是造成考生心理紧张的主要原因。大家应冷静下来，结合文章所说明或者议论的中心话题，抓住主干，层层理解。144实战演练AThe research carried out by the University of Bari in Italy could help prove hospitals who are accused of wasting money on art and decoration as it
15、 suggests a pleasant environment helps patients ease discomfort and pain.A team headed by Professor Marina de Tommaso at the Neurophysiopathology Pain Unit asked a group of men and women to pick the 20 paintings they considered most ugly and most beautiful from a selection of 300 works by artists su
16、ch as Leonardo da Vinci and Sandro Botticelli. They were then asked to look at either the beautiful paintings, or the ugly painting, or a blank panel while the team zapped(照射) a short laser pulse at their hand, creating a sensation as if they had been stuck by a pin. The subjects rated the pain as b
17、eing a third less intense while they were viewing the beautiful paintings, compared with when looking at the ugly paintings or the blank panel. Electrodes measuring the brains electrical activity also confirmed a reduced response to the pain when the subject looked at beautiful paintings.While distr
18、actions, such as music, are known to reduce pain in hospital patients, Prof de Tommaso says this is the first result to show that beauty plays a part.The findings, reported in New Scientist, also go a long way to show that beautiful surroundings could aid the healing process.Hospitals have been desi
19、gned to be functional, but we think that their artistic aspects should be taken into account too, said the neurologist. Beauty obviously offers a distraction that ugly paintings do not. But at least there is no suggestion that ugly surroundings make the pain worse. I think these results show that mo
20、re research is needed into the field how a beautiful environment can alleviate suffering.Pictures they liked included Starry Night by Vincent Van Gogh and Botticellis Birth of Venus. Pictures they found ugly included works by Pablo Picasso, the Italian 20th century artist Anonio Bueno and Columbian
21、Fernando Botero. These people were not art experts so some of the pictures they found ugly would be considered masterpieces by the art world, said Prof de Tommaso.1.The underlined word “alleviate in the fifth paragraph probably means “_. A. cure B. ease C. improve D. kill2.How many artists have been
22、 mentioned in the passage? A. 4. B. 5. C. 6. D. 7.3.Which of the following is TURE about the view of Prof de Tommasos? A. Beautiful surroundings could help to heal sufferings completely . B. Hospitals must take their artistic aspects into consideration first. C. Ugly surroundings will surely make th
23、e pain worse.D. Both music and beauty can reduce pain in hospital patients.4.From the last paragraph, we know that _. A. some artists paintings were beautiful, so they were masterpieces B. only art experts could judge they were masterpieces or not, though ugly C. the artists mentioned above were not
24、 really art masters. D. some of them were art masters, while others were not.5.Which of the following is the suitable title for the passage? A. Beautiful surroundings can ease pain. B. Ugly paintings could be masterpieces. C. More research should be done in the field. D. Latest environmental researc
25、h. B This hotel is located within the Kista Gallerian Shopping Mall in Kista, the center of the metropolitan regions electronics and telecommunications industry. The shopping centre houses 140 different shops. The city of Kista has direct bus links with Stockholh-Arlanda airport as well as easy acce
26、ss to the entire Greater Stockholm area by underground. Convenient public transport links may be found within 100 metres of the hotel. The hotel is therefore an outstanding starting point for countless short journeys in the surrounding area. In Stockholm, about 10 km away, guests will find a range o
27、f entertainment venues场所, the sea, and the nearest railway station. In only a 15-minute drive, it is possible to reach Stockholm old town as well as countless cultural venues.Established in 2021, this fully air-conditioned hotel consists of a total of 127 rooms including 39 apartments, spread across
28、 13 floors. The family-friendly hotel welcomes guests in an elegant lobby where there is a 24-hour reception desk and several lifts. Further facilities include a newspaper stand, a breakfast room, and a public Internet connection. All guests may take advantage of the laundry service, and parking spa
29、ces are available for those arriving by car. With the subway: |Take the blue line Nr 11 to Akalla. Get off at the station Kista. | Go out on your right hand side down to the bus station. The entry of the hotel is situated in front of the bus station. |By car arriving north:|From E4, drive towards St
30、ockholm until the second way out towards Kista. Drive on the right line until you come to a round about. Take left towards Arvinge. Drive straight ahead until the next round about; take right under the tunnel and you will be on Danmarksgatan. The hotel is situated on the right side of the street in
31、front of the bus station.6. Whats the passage mainly about ? A. Information of a hotel. B. Information of a website. C. Information of a car. D. Information of a city.7. What may probably be talked about following the last paragraph?A. How to find Stockholm Kista Hotel. B. The location of Stockholm
32、Kista Hotel.C. How to arrive at Stockholm Kista Hotel from south by car.D. How to apply for the membership of the website.8. What does the underlined word “metropolitan mean ?A. Of a major city. B. Of a famous man. C. Of a famous port. D. Of a known car. 9. If you stay in the hotel, _.A. you can easily find a restaurant that appeals to your taste
