1、打包机论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献中英文对照资料外文翻译文献打包机 打包机是一种农业机械,它用于压缩已切割和倾斜的作物（如草、稻草或青贮饲料）成易于处理、运输和储存的小包。常用的打包机有几个不同类型,分别生产不同类型的包-矩形的、圆柱形的,大小各不相同,用麻绳、网或金属丝缠绕起来。工业打包机还可以用在材料回收设备上,主要用于包装需要运输的金属、塑料或纸。圆形打包机在工业化国家最常用的打包机是这种又大又圆的打包机。它生产圆柱状的“圆”或“筒状”的包。草在打包机内被捲起，使用橡胶带、固定滚筒,或两者的组合。当包达到规定尺寸时,用网或麻绳裹住它,以保持其固有的形状。打包机的后面打开,包被排出。包在
2、这个阶段完成,但也可以用塑料薄膜包裹,当在室外储存时能保持干草的干燥或者将潮湿的草变成青贮饲料。可变仓打包机通常生产直径为48至72英寸（120 180厘米）、宽达60英寸（150厘米）的包。无论在任何地区，这些包可以重达1100至2200磅（500 -1000公斤），包的重量取决于大小，材料，和水分含量。最初，圆形打包机的构思由Ummo Luebbens于大约1910年提出,第一台圆形打包机才生产出来,一直到1947年Allis-Chalmers 引进了旋转打包机之后。由于它的干草包脱水干燥和重量轻的特点从而得以推向市场，到1960年生产结束时，AC已经销售了近70000台接下来的一个重大创
3、新是在1972年，当时Vermeer公司开始出售其型号为605的第一台现代圆形打包机。以前,圆的干草包仅仅是干草缚在一起的肿块,但Vermeer设计使用皮带将干草紧密结合起来形成一个圆柱体,正如今天所看到的样子。大型矩形打包机另一种常用类型的打包机生产大型的矩形包,每个包缠绕半打左右的麻绳,然后再打结。这样的包非常紧凑，重量又普遍比圆形的包大几分。在加拿大的草原，它们被称为草原猛禽。小型矩形打包机这种打包机现今是不常见的,但在许多国家却是相当流行,如新西兰和澳大利亚,除了大型包的生产，还生产小型矩形 (通常被称为“正方形的”) 包。每个包大约是15英寸 x 18英寸 x 40英寸(40 x 4
4、5 x 100厘米)。这种包是用二股、三股、或有时四股麻绳捆绑。这种包非常的轻，一人就能举起,大小约45至60英寸(1.1到1.5米)。为了形成捆包，料堆中需要打包的原料 (经常干草或稻草)被打包机捡拾器的齿举起。然后这些原料被拖进或钻进一个长达打包机一个边长的打捆室内。活塞和刀在打捆室的前端来回地移动。刀恰好在活塞的前面，它可以当场切断从捡拾器进入打捆室内的原料。活塞将这些原料向后推移，压缩成捆包。一个测量装置测量被压缩的原料的数量，并在适当的长度，触发捆绑麻绳并且将其打结的机械装置（打结器）来捆绑包装并将其打结。当下一个捆包加工成型时，这个打结完的捆包就从打捆室的后面排出到地上或推送到一个
5、用钩固定在打包机后部的特殊的货车上。只要有原料需要打包，并且有麻绳来捆绑包装，这一过程就会一直连续进行。这种形状的捆包不太适用于大规模商业性农业，因为处理许多小捆的成本比较高。然而在一些小规模，低机械化的农业和养马业享有一些名气。除了使用简单的机械设备及容易处理外，这些小包也可用来绝缘和当作草捆建筑中的建筑材料。正方形捆包一般也会比圆捆包要好，因为他们可以更密集地堆放在一起。便利也是农民决定继续使用正方形包的一个主要因素，因为它们使得饲养和在狭窄的地方（马厩，仓库等）堆放容易得多。这些旧式打包机，现如今在农场还有许多可以找得到，特别是在干旱地区，在那里，捆包可以长期在室外储存。小型方捆自动打包
6、机成型于1940年。它首先是由New Holland Ag生产制造的，并采用了小型汽油发动机提供运行动力。它是基于1937年一个具有自动拾取功能的麻绳打结打包机发明创造出来的。线材打包机在1937年以前，捆包是用两股包装线材人工包裹的。甚至在更早以前，打包机是一个固定的打包设备，由动力输出装置（PTO）和传送带驱动。干草被加进打包机处并人工用手塞进去。自1940年之后，这种打包机最大的改变是通过动力输出装置(PTO)由拖拉机驱动，而不是通过内置式内燃机。在目前的生产中，人们可以选择使用麻绳打结器或者是金属丝缠绕打结器的小型方捆打包机。捡拾和处理方法 在20世纪40年代，大多数农民将会使用一辆2
7、0马力甚至更小马力的小型拖拉机在田地里捆干草，并且当打包机从田地里走过时，捆绑包将会掉落在地上。另一组工人驱使马拉着平板货车从旁边走过来。他们用尖锐的金属钩来钩起捆绑包，并把它们扔到平板货车上，同时另外一个助手好这些捆绑包，以便运输到谷仓。后来，一个节约时间的发明是直接将平板拖车接在打包机之后，这样草捆包就可以顺着舷梯推送给马车上的助手。等待在马车上的助手用钩子钩住草捆包，从舷梯上移开，并在马车上摞好，同时等待下一个生产好的草捆包。最后，随着拖拉机马力的增大，抛掷打包机就成为了可能。抛掷打包机消除了需要有人站到马车上来捡起草捆包。第一个投掷机械使用了两个快速移动的粗糙传送带来抓取草捆包，并把它
8、们以一个角度向上抛起落到马车上。马车是由平板车改造成的前端开口的三角架，以此来充当捕捉抛出的草捆包的网。随着拖拉机马力的进一步增大，抛掷打包机的下一代更新产品是液压投掷打包机。这种打包机在包打结器的后面采用了一个平板。当打好的草捆包从打包机的后面出来时，它们依次被推送到平板上。当草捆包完全移动到平板上时，在一个大型液压缸的推动下，平板就会突然自动弹起，将草捆包抛掷到马车上，就像弹射器一样。这种平板投掷方法与传动带投掷方法相比，大大减少了施加在草捆包上的压力。在抓取并投掷草捆包时，传送带投掷运输机的粗糙的传送带给予草捆包的捆带绳结很大摩擦力，并且有时在投掷运输机上或者是草捆包降落到马车上时，会导
9、致草捆包的破损。纽荷兰发明了一种新的机器命名为堆垛机。小型方包从打包机中出来后，捆绳朝外，堆垛机将开到草捆包处，将他们捡拾起并放在相当于三个草捆包宽的桌子上（现在草捆包的捆绳朝上）。当三个草捆包放到桌上时，桌子就会被举起，并后退，造成三个草捆包再次捆绳朝向一侧；这种情况再接着发生三次，直到有16个草捆包放在主桌上。之后，主桌就会像小桌子一样抬起，使草捆包正对一个垂直的桌子。这种机器可以装160个草捆包（10层），通常靠近中心的部位会有交叉层叠，以免再有重量加到草垛顶上时，草垛会摇晃，不稳定，甚至坍塌。之后满载的堆垛机会被运送到谷仓，堆垛机的整个后部会倾斜向上，直到垂直。当堆垛机离开谷仓时，从机
10、器延伸出的两个推动助手会扶着草垛的底部，把草垛从堆垛机上移出。在英国，如果小型方包仍在使用，那么当它们从打包机出来后，它们通常是被收集到跟在打包机后的一个草捆包雪橇上。这种雪橇有4个通道，由自动机械天平，挂钩和弹簧控制，每一个通道划分容纳八个草捆包。当雪橇装满后，挂钩会自动弹起，后面的门就会打开，把这八个草捆包整齐的放在地上。之后这些草捆包也许会人工一个个拾起，或者人们用拖拉机上的草捆包抓取工具，将这八个草捆包一起拾起。这种草捆包抓取工具是一种特殊的安置在拖拉机前端的装货机，含有许多液压驱动的向下弯曲的长钉。之后，这些草捆包要么堆垛在拖车上运走，要么在田地里堆砌成8层或10层高的立方体草垛。然
11、后这个立方体草垛由更大的机器运走。这种机器连接在拖拉机后，可以夹住草垛侧面，将其整体托起运走。处理大型和小型圆形草捆包的一个简单的方法可以在文章Hay Delivery（干草递送）中看到。相对于拖拉机而言，这是一种仅仅自己动手的改进。两个挂钩被焊接到拖拉机前端装载机的顶端，还有一个14英尺（4.3米）的日志链，它可以使用户呆在拖拉机上来抓取草捆包，运输，堆砌以及再把草捆包放在外面喂养动物。形成一条龙作业。这个简单的操作系统的优点是它不必使用昂贵的设备，也不用在拖拉机上来回交换应用这些工具。这使得小农户避免了额外器械的花销，不用仅仅因为这样一个功能而另买一台拖拉机。通过一些小练习，人们就可以和专
12、业的液压捆包抓取机一样，快速的拾取草捆包。由糖山农场（Sugar Mountain Farm）的沃尔特杰弗里斯（Walter Jeffries）改进的这种方法同样只需要较少的维修养护，并且比包矛和钳子更安全。BalerA baler is a piece of farm machinery used to compress a cut and raked crop (such as hay, straw, or silage) into compact bales that are easy to handle, transport and store. Several different t
13、ypes of balers are commonly used, each producing a different type of bales rectangular or cylindrical, of various sizes, bound with twine, netting, or wire. Industrial balers are also used in material recycling facilities, primarily for baling metal, plastic, or paper for transport.Round balerThe mo
14、st frequently used type of baler in industrialized countries is the large round baler. It produces cylinder-shaped round or rolled bales. Grass is rolled up inside the baler using rubberized belts, fixed rollers, or a combination of the two. When the bale reaches a predetermined size, either netting
15、 or twine is wrapped around it to hold its shape. The back of the baler swings open, and the bale is discharged. The bales are complete at this stage, but they may also be wrapped in plastic sheeting by a bale wrapper, either to keep hay dry when stored outside or convert damp grass into silage. Var
16、iable-chamber balers typically produce bales from 48 to 72 inches (120 to 180 cm) in diameter and up to 60 inches (150 cm) in width. The bales can weigh anywhere from 1,100 to 2,200 pounds (500 to 1,000 kg), depending upon size, material, and moisture content. Originally conceived by Ummo Luebbens c
17、irca 1910, the first round baler did not see production until 1947, when Allis-Chalmers introduced the Roto-Baler. Marketed for the water-shedding and light weight properties of its hay bales, AC had sold nearly 70,000 units by the end of production in 1960. The next major innovation came in 1972, w
18、hen the Vermeer Company began selling its model 605 - the first modern round baler. Previously, round hay bales had been little more than lumps of grass tied together, but the Vermeer design used belts to compact hay into a cylindrical shape as is seen today.Large rectangular balerAnother type of ba
19、ler in common use produces large rectangular bales, each bound with a half dozen or so strings of twine which are then knotted. Such bales are highly compacted and generally weigh somewhat more than round bales. In the prairies of Canada they are called prairie raptors.Small rectangular balerA type
20、of baler which is less common today in some places but which is still prevalent in many countries such as New Zealand and Australia to the exclusion of large bales produces small rectangular (often called square) bales. Each bale is about 15 in x 18 in x 40 in (40 x 45 x 100 cm). The bales are wrapp
21、ed with two, three, or sometimes four strands of knotted twine. The bales are light enough for one person to handle, about 45 to 60 inches (1.1 to 1.5 m).To form the bale, the material to be baled, (which is often hay or straw) in the windrow is lifted by tines in the balers pickup. This material is
22、 then dragged or augered into a chamber that runs the length of one side of the baler. A combination plunger and knife moves back and forth in the front end of this chamber. The knife, positioned just ahead of the plunger, cuts off the material at the spot where it enters the chamber from the pickup
23、. The plunger rams the material rearwards, compressing it into the bales. A measuring device measures the amount of material that is being compressed and, at the appropriate length it triggers the mechanism (the knotter) that wraps the twine around the bale and ties it off. As the next bale is forme
24、d the tied one is driven out of the rear of the baling chamber onto the ground or onto a special wagon hooked to the rear of the baler. This process continues as long as there is material to be baled, and twine to tie it with.This form of bale is not much used in large-scale commercial agriculture,
25、because of the costs involved in handling many small bales. However, it enjoys some popularity in small-scale, low-mechanization agriculture and horse-keeping. Besides using simpler machinery and being easy to handle, these small bales can also be used for insulation and building materials in straw-
26、bale construction. Square bales will also generally weather better than round bales because a more much dense stack can be put up. Convenience is also a major factor in farmers deciding to continue putting up square bales, as they make feeding and bedding in confined areas (stables, barns, etc.) muc
27、h easier.Many of these older balers are still to be found on farms today, particularly in dry areas, where bales can be left outside for long periods. The automatic-baler for small square bales took on most of its present form in 1940. It was first manufactured by the New Holland Ag and it used a sm
28、all petrol engine to provide operating power. It is based on a 1937 invention for a twine-tie baler with automatic pickup.Wire balersBales prior to 1937 were manually wire-tied with two baling wires. Even earlier, the baler was a stationary implement, driven by power take-off (PTO) and belt, with th
29、e hay being brought to the baler and fed in by hand. The biggest change to this type of baler since 1940 is being powered by the tractor through its PTO, instead of by a built-in internal combustion engine.In present day production, small square balers can be ordered with twine knotters or wire tie
30、knotters.Pickup and handling methodsIn the 1940s most farmers would bale hay in the field with a small tractor with 20 or less horsepower, and the tied bales would be dropped onto the ground as the baler moved through the field. Another team of workers with horses and a flatbed wagon with would come
31、 by and use a sharp metal hook to grab the bale and throw it up onto the wagon while an assistant stacks the bale, for transport to the barn. A later time-saving innovation was to tow the flatbed wagon directly behind the baler, and the bale would be pushed up a ramp to a waiting attendant on the wa
32、gon. The attendant hooks the bale off the ramp and stacks it on the wagon, while waiting for the next bale to be produced.Eventually, as tractor horsepower increased, the thrower-baler became possible, which eliminated the need for someone to stand on the wagon and pick up the finished bales. The first thrower mechanism used two fast-moving friction belts to grab finished bales and throw them at an angle up in the air onto the bale wagon. The bale wagon was modified from a flatbed into a 3-sided skeleton frame open at the front, to act as a catchers net for the thrown bales.
