1、力学英文名词对照 Revised by Chen Zhen in 2021力学英文名词对照力学mechanics牛顿力学Newtonianmechanics经典力学classicalmechanics静力学statics运动学kinematics动力学dynamics子波wavelet次级子波secondarywavelet驻波standingwave声音sound声强intensityofsound声强计phonometer声调intonation音色musicalquality音调pitch声级soundlevel声压强soundpressure声源soundsource声阻抗acoust
2、icimpedance声抗acousticreactance声阻acousticresistance声导纳acousticadmittance声导acousticconductance声纳acousticsusceptance声共振acousticresonance声波soundwave超声波supersonicwave声速soundvelocity次声波infrasonicwave亚声速subsonicspeed又称“亚音速”。超声速supersonicspeed又称“超音速”。声呐sonar共鸣resonance回波echo回声echo拍beat拍频beatfrequency群速group
3、velocity相速phasevelocity能流energyflux能流密度energyfluxdensity材料力学mechanicsofmaterials,strengthofmaterials应力stress法向应力normalstress剪切应力shearstress单轴应力uniaxialstress双轴应力biaxialstress拉伸应力tensilestress压缩应力compressivestress周向应力circumferentialstress纵向应力longitudinalstress轴向应力axialstress弯曲应力bendingstress,flexural
4、stress扭转应力torsionalstress局部应力localizedstress残余应力residualstress热应力thermalstress最大法向应力maximumnormalstress最小法向应力minimumnormalstress最大剪应力maximumshearstress主应力principalstress主剪应力principalshearstress工作应力workingstress许用应力allowablestress应力集中stressconcentration应力集中系数stressconcentrationfactor应力状态stateofstress
5、应力分析stressanalysis结构强度分析structuredanalysis应变strain剪切应变shearstrain法向应变normalstrain拉伸应变tensilestrain压缩应变compressivestrain体积应变volumetricstrain残余应变residualstrain热应变thermalstrain最大法向应变maximumnormalstrain主应变principalstrain主剪应变principalshearstrain名义应变nominalstrain应变状态stateofstrain载荷load又称“荷载”。集中载荷concentra
6、tedload分布载荷distributedload死载荷deadload活载荷liveload动载荷dynamicload突加载荷suddenlyappliedload移动载荷movingload加载loading单调加载monotonicloading重复加载repeatedloading循环加载cyclicloading偏心加载eccentricloading赘余反力redundantreaction承压应力bearingstress轴承应力bearingstress模量modulus弹性模量modulusofelasticity杨氏模量Youngmodulus体积模量bulkmodul
7、us泊松比Poissonratio胡克定律Hookelaw广义胡克定律generalizedHookelaw柔度compliance拉伸试验tensiletest应力应变图stress-straindiagram比例极限proportionallimit弹性极限elasticlimit屈服极限yieldlimit强度极限ultimatestrength持久极限endurancelimit屈服强度yieldstrength韧性toughness韧度toughness延性ductility脆性brittleness延伸率specificelongation冲击韧性impacttoughness硬度
8、hardness布氏硬度Brinellhardness维氏硬度Vickershardness洛氏硬度Rockwellhardness显微硬度micro-penetrationhardness颈缩necking破裂rupture破坏fracture,failure失效failure蠕变creep安全系数safetyfactor安全裕度safetymargin平面应力planestress平面应变planestrain莫尔圆Mohrcircle形心centroidofarea静矩staticmoment主轴principalaxis中性轴neutralaxis中性面neutralsurface横截
9、面cross-section极惯性矩polarmomentofinertia截面模量sectionmodulus弹性截面模量elasticsectionmodulus塑性截面模量plasticsectionmodulus应变能strainenergy弹性应变能elasticstrainenergy势能potentialenergy余能complementaryenergy体积改变能energyofvolumechange畸变能energyofdistortion畸变能理论distortionenergytheory虚位移virtualdisplacement虚力virtualforce虚功vi
10、rtualwork虚功原理virtualworkprinciple卡氏第一定理Castiglianofirsttheorem卡氏第二定理Castiglianosecondtheorem强度理论theoryofstrength最大法向应力理论maximumnormalstresstheory最大法向应变理论maximumnormalstraintheory最大剪应力理论maximumshearstresstheory八面体剪应力理论octohedralshearstresstheory八面体剪应变octohedralshearstrain八面体剪应力octohedralshearstress杆b
11、ar薄壁杆thin-walledbar变截面杆barofvariablecross-section梁beam简支simplysupported简支梁simplysupportedbeam固支clamped,built-in固支梁built-inbeam,clamped-endbeam又称“嵌入梁”。外伸梁overhangingbeam悬臂梁cantileverbeam曲梁curvedbeam静定梁staticallydeterminatebeam超静定梁staticallyindeterminatebeam连续梁continuousbeam薄壁梁thin-walledbeam变截面梁beamo
12、fvariablecross-section等强度梁beamofconstantstrength夹层梁sandwichbeam工字梁I-shapebeam铁摩辛柯梁Timoshenkobeam梁腹web梁柱beam-column柱column长细比slendernessratio有效柱长effectivecolumnlength索cord圆筒cylinder薄壁筒thin-walledcylinder厚壁筒thick-walledcylinder管tube铰链hinge塑性铰plastichinge膜力membraneforce环ring桁架truss刚架frame又称“框架”。转轴shaft
13、弹簧spring弹簧常量springconstant接头joint静定结构staticallydeterminatestructure超静定结构staticallyindeterminatestructure拉伸tension压缩compression轴向力axialforce轴力图axialforcediagram偏心拉伸eccentrictension偏心压缩eccentriccompression弯曲bending纯弯曲purebending斜弯曲obliquebending平面弯曲planebending非对称弯曲unsymmetricbending非弹性弯曲inelasticbend
14、ing平截面假定planecross-sectionassumption挠度deflection弯矩bendingmoment弯矩图bendingmomentdiagram剪力shearforce剪力图shearforcediagram应力迹线stresstrajactory挠曲flexure抗弯刚度flexuralrigidity弹性曲线elasticcurve剪切shear剪切中心shearcenter扭转torsion扭矩torsionalmoment扭矩图torquediagram抗扭刚度torsionalrigidity薄膜比拟membraneanalogy扭曲twist翘曲warp
15、ing屈曲buckling前屈曲pre-buckling后屈曲post-buckling欧拉临界载荷Eulercriticalload撞击impact撞击因子impactfactor撞击应力impactstress力法forcemethod位移法displacementmethod刚度法stiffnessmethod柔度法flexibilitymethod傀载荷法dummy-loadmethod又称“单位载荷法”。逐次积分法successiveintegrationmethod叠加法superpositionmethod叠加原理superpositionprinciple圣维南原理Saint-
16、Venantprinciple分析力学analyticmechanics拉格朗日乘子Lagrangemultiplier拉格朗日量Lagrangian拉格朗日括号Lagrangebracket循环坐标cycliccoordinate循环积分cyclicintegral哈密顿量Hamiltonian哈密顿函数Hamiltonianfunction正则方程canonicalequation正则摄动canonicalperturbation正则变换canonicaltransformation正则变量canonicalvariable哈密顿原理Hamiltonprinciple作用量积分action
17、integral哈密顿-雅可比方程Hamilton-Jacobiequation作用-角度变量action-anglevariables阿佩尔方程Appelequation劳斯方程Routhequation拉格朗日函数Lagrangianfunction诺特定理Noethertheorem泊松括号Poissonbracket边界积分法boundaryintegralmethod并矢dyad运动稳定性stabilityofmotion轨道稳定性orbitalstability李雅普诺夫函数Lyapunovfunction渐近稳定性asymptoticstability结构稳定性structura
18、lstability久期不稳定性secularinstability弗洛凯定理Floquettheorem倾覆力矩capsizingmoment自由振动freevibration固有振动naturalvibration暂态transientstate曾用名“瞬态”。环境振动ambientvibration反共振anti-resonance衰减attenuation库仑阻尼Coulombdamping同相分量in-phasecomponent非同相分量out-of-phasecomponent超调量overshoot又称“过冲”。参量激励振动parametricvibration模糊振动fuzz
19、yvibration临界转速criticalspeedofrotation阻尼器damper半峰宽度half-peakwidth集总参量系统lumpedparametersystem相平面法phaseplanemethod相轨迹phasetrajectory等倾线法isoclinemethod跳跃现象jumpphenomenon负阻尼negativedamping达芬方程Duffingequation希尔方程HillequationKBM方法KBMmethod,Krylov-Bogoliubov-Mitropolskiimethod马蒂厄方程Mathieuequation平均法averagingmethod组合音调combinationtone解谐detuning耗散函数dissipativefunction硬激励hardexcitation硬弹簧hardspring,hardeningspring谐波平衡法harmonicbalancemethod久期项secularterm自激振动self-excitedvibration简称“自振”。分界线separatrix亚谐波subharmonic曾用名“次谐波”。软弹簧softspring,softeningspring软激励softexcitation邓克利公式Dunkerleyformula瑞利定理Rayleightheorem
