1、届中考英语 语法整合复习 第10课时 非谓语动词 牛津版第10课时非谓语动词非谓语动词就是指不能作谓语的动词形式。2015年中考主要考查非谓语动词在句子中的作用:宾语补足语(find sb doing等)以及考查非谓语动词的运用(如不定式的功能its+adj.+for/of sb to do sth)和固定用法(如practice doing, spend.doing等)。预计2016年对非谓语动词的考查将继续体现非谓语动词在句中的作用以及具体句型和动词中的运用。在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫作非谓语动词。在句中可起名词、形容词、副词的作用, 在句中充当主语、宾语、表语、补语、定
2、语或状语, 即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外, 可以承担句子的任何成分。非谓语动词有三种形式:不定式、分词(现在分词、过去分词)、动名词。(一)动词不定式:构成:(to)+do, 具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。如:1. 不定式的形式:(以动词write为例)肯定式:(to)+write否定式:not+(to)write(1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后, 如:Im glad to meet you. 我很高兴遇见你。He seems to know a lot. 他似乎知道很多。(2)进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时
3、发生, 如:The boy pretended to be working hard.这男孩假装正在努力学习。(3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前, 如:I regretted to have told a lie. 我后悔撒谎了。2. 不定式的句法功能:(1)作主语:To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.十分钟内完成工作很难。动词不定式短语作主语时, 可用it作形式主语, 把真正的主语放在句子末尾。如:It means failure to lose your heart.失去信心, 意味着失败。it作形式主语的
4、常用句式有:1. It+be+名词+to do。2. It takes sb+some time+to do。3. It+be+形容词+of sb+to do。4. It+be+形容词+for sb+to do。该句型中常用careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, silly, stupid, wise等表示赞扬或批评的形容词作表语, 不定式前可用介词短语for sb作为不定式的逻辑主语。(2)作表语:He appears to have caught a cold.他似乎感冒了。(3)作宾语:用不定式作
5、宾语的动词常见的有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer。如果不定式后面有宾语补足语, 则用it作形式宾语, 把真正的宾语(不定式)后置, 即放在宾语补足语的后面。如:Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.马克思发现研究俄国的情况很重要。动词不定式也可用作介词宾语。如:I have no choice but to stay here.我别无选择, 只能在这里等。
6、不定式与疑问词连用构成不定式短语, 在句中作宾语、状语等。如:He gave us some advice on how to learn English. 他就如何学英语给了我们一些建议。(4)作宾语补足语:在复合宾语中, 动词不定式可充当宾语补足语, 如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite。此外, 介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用, 如:With a lot of
7、work to do, he didnt go to the cinema.有太多事要做, 他没去看电影。有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用, 但改为被动语态时, 不定式要加to, 如:I saw him cross the road. 我看见他过马路。He was seen to cross the road.他被人看见过马路。案例(2015北京291分)My parents always tell me more vegetables and fruit.A. eat B. eatingC. eats D. t
8、o eat【解析】本题考查不定式作宾语补足语的用法。“tell sb to do sth(叫某人做某事)”是固定句型。【答案】 D(5)作定语:动词不定式作定语时, 通常后置, 与所修饰的名词有如下关系:A. 动宾关系:I have a meeting to attend. 我有会要参加。注意:不定式为不及物动词时, 所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等, 应有必要的介词。如:What did you open it with? 你用什么打开它的?如果不定式修饰time, place, way, 可以省略介词。如:He has no place to live. 他没地方住。如果不定式所修饰的名词是
9、不定式动作承受者, 不定式可用主动式也可用被动式。如:Have you got anything to send?你有什么要发送的吗?B. 说明所修饰名词的内容:We have made a plan to finish the work.我们有了一个完成这项工作的计划。C. 被修饰名词是不定式的逻辑主语:He is the first to get here.他是第一个去那儿的。(6) 作状语:A. 表目的:He worked day and night to get the money.他日夜工作为了赚钱。注意不定式放句首时, 逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:To save money, he
10、has tried every means.B. 表结果:He arrived late to find the train gone.他迟到了, 发现火车开走了。常用only放在不定式前表示强调:I visited him only to find him out.我拜访他就是为了找到他。C. 表原因:They were very sad to hear the news.听到这消息他们很悲伤。D. 表程度:Its too dark for us to see anything.太黑了我们看不见。(7)作独立成分:To tell you the truth, I dont like the
11、way he talked.说实话, 我不喜欢他说话的方式。(8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do动词。If you dont want to do it, you dont need to.如你不想做, 就没必要做。(9)不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to。如:He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.他想学医当医生。案例(2015广东43)In order for the meeting, my sister forced herself to get up early this morning.A. not to be late B.
12、 not being lateC. to be late D. being late【解析】本题考查不定式的用法。在in order的后面跟动词不定式表示目的;此处表达的句意是“为了开会不迟到, 我姐姐强迫自己今天早上早点起床。”【答案】 A(二)动名词:动名词既具有动词的一些特征, 又具有名词的句法功能。1. 动名词的形式:否定式:not+动名词(1)一般式:Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。(2)被动式:He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。(3)完成式:We remembered having se
13、en the film.我们记得看过这部电影。(4)完成被动式:He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.他忘记五岁时曾被带去过广州。(5)否定式:not+动名词I regret not following his advice.我后悔没听他的劝告。(6)复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)+动名词。如:He suggested us trying it once again.他建议我们再试一次。2. 动名词的句法功能:(1)作主语:Reading aloud is very helpful.大声朗读是
14、很有好处的。当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。如:Its no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。(2)作表语:In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs.在蚂蚁王国, 蚁后的工作是产卵。(3)作宾语:They havent finished building the dam.他们还没有建好大坝。动名词作宾语补足语时, 常用it作形式宾语, 把真正的宾语放在后面。如:We found it no good making fun of others.我们发现取笑他人不好。跟动名词作宾语的动词常见的有:enjoy, finish,
15、 suggest, avoid(避免), excuse, delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承认), deny(否认), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒险), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help(情不自禁地), think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent.(from), keep.from, stop.(from), protect.from, set bout
16、, be engaged in, spend.(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like (4)作定语:Is there a swimming pool in your school?你们学校有游泳池吗?(5)作同位语:The cave, his hiding place is secret.那个山洞即他藏身的地方很保密。案例(2013四川广安第卷61分)(吸烟) is bad for your health.【解析】 因为此处是动词作主语, 所
17、以这里用smoke的动名词形式smoking来作主语。【答案】 Smoking(三)现在分词:现在分词既具有动词的一些特征, 又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。1. 现在分词的形式:否定式:not+现在分词(1)现在分词的主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生, 完成式作状语时, 表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如:They went to the park, singing and talking.他们边唱边说向公园走去。(2)现在分词的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作, 完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动动作。The problem bein
18、g discussed is very important.正在被讨论的问题很重要。2. 现在分词的句法功能:(1)作定语:现在分词作定语, 当分词单独作定语时, 放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语作定语则放在名词后。如:The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father.正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能, 如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed;the man speaking to the teacher可改为the
19、man who is speaking to the teacher.案例(2015北京251分)Last night, there were millions of people the opening ceremony live on TV.A. watch B. to watchC. watched D. watching【解析】本句考查现在分词作定语的用法。因为动词watch与前面的名词millions of people构成逻辑上的主谓关系, 所以使用现在分词作定语。本句中的watching the opening ceremony live on TV相当于定语从句who were
20、 watching the opening ceremony live on TV。同时本句只是一个简单句, 已经有了一个主谓结构了。句意:昨天晚上有成千上万的人在电视机前观看了开幕式。【答案】 D(2)现在分词作表语:The film being shown in the cinema is exciting.正在这家影院上映的电影很棒。be+doing既可能表示现在进行时, 也可能是现在分词作表语, 它们的区别在于be+doing表示进行的动作是进行时, 而表示特征时系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。(3)作宾语补足语:跟现在分词作宾语补足语的动词常见的有:see, watch, hear
21、, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。如:Can you hear her singing the song in the next room?你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?(4)现在分词的作用:A. 作时间状语:(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.在工厂工作时, 他是一名先进工人。B. 作原因状语:Being a League member, he is always helping others.作为一名
22、共青团员, 他经常帮助他人。C. 作方式状语, 表示伴随:He stayed at home, cleaning and washing.他待在家里, 又擦又洗。D. 作条件状语:(If)Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.要是整天玩, 你就会浪费宝贵的时间。E. 作结果状语:He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.他把杯子弄掉了, 结果摔得粉碎。F. 作目的状语:He went swimming the other day.几天前他去游泳了。G. 作让步状语:Though r
23、aining heavily, it cleared up very soon.虽然雨下得很大, 但不久天就晴了。H. 与逻辑主语构成独立主格:I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head.我等汽车时, 一只鸟落到我头上。Time permitting, well do another two exercises.如果时间允许, 我们将做另外两个练习。有时也可用with(without)+名词(代词宾格)+分词形式。如:With the lights burning, he fell asleep.他点着灯睡着了。. 作独立成分:Judging f
24、rom(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.从外表看, 他一定是个演员。案例(2015山东莱芜27)We often hear some students spoken English in the English corner.A. practiced B. practicingC. practice D. was practicing【解析】考查现在分词的用法。hear sb doing sth(听见某人做某事)是固定搭配。【答案】 B(四)过去分词:过去分词只有一种形式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求,
25、 要一一记住。过去分词的句法功能:1. 过去分词作定语:Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting.当选为委员的人将出席这次会。过去分词作定语时, 有时相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。2. 过去分词作表语:The window is broken. 窗户破了。They were frightened at the sad sight.他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。注意:be+过去分词, 如果
26、表示状态是系表结构, 如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别:The window is broken.(系表结构)The window was broken by the boy.(被动结构)有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的, 不表示被动, 只表示完成。如:boiled water(开水) fallen leaves(落叶)newly arrived goods(新到的货) the risen sun(升起的太阳) the changed world(变了的世界)这类过去分词有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passe
27、d等。3. 过去分词作宾语补足语:I heard the song sung several times last week.上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。有时过去分词作with短语中的宾语补足语:With the work done, they went out to play.工作做完了, 他们出去玩去了。4. 过去分词作状语:Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.受到邻居们的表扬, 他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因)Once seen, it can never be forgotten.一旦被看见, 人们
28、就忘不了它。(表示时间)Given more time, Ill be able to do it better.如果给予更多的时间, 我能做得更好。(表示条件)Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.虽然被告之有危险, 他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。(表示让步)Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave.心中充满了希望与恐惧, 他走进山洞。案例(2013贵州安顺161分)He often drinks two cups of water whe
29、n he comes back.A. boilingB. boilC. boiledD. boils【解析】本题考查过去分词作定语的用法。这里用boiled water来表示开水。表示“被动、已经完成”用过去分词来表示。【答案】 C例1动词后非谓语动词的选择。(2015山东聊城33)Jackie asked me anything.A. not touch B. not touchedC. not touching D. not to touch【解析】本题考查不定式的用法。ask sb not to do sth(请某人不做某事)是固定搭配。【答案】 D例2非谓语动词在句型中的使用。(201
30、5浙江宁波34)Jenny, you should practice as often as you can the piano competition.A. failB. to failC. winD. to win【解析】考查动词不定式的用法。句意:詹妮, 为了在这次钢琴比赛中获胜, 你应该尽可能地练习。【答案】 D(2015辽宁锦州12)I have a cold. I dont feel like anything.A. to eatB. eatC. eatingD. ate【解析】 本题考查不定式的用法。feel like doing sth(想做某事)是固定搭配。其中like 是介
31、词, 之后要跟V+ing作宾语。【答案】 C例3非谓语动词的辨析。(2015山东东营25)People were excited when they saw “Monkey King” 2015 the Yellow River Estuary(入海口, 河口) International Marathon. A. losing B. runningC. refusing D. forgetting 【解析】本题考查现在分词的用法。由句意判断, 猴王2015跑进入海口。根据句意判断他们看见猴王跑进入海口, 不是失踪、拒绝或忘记。【答案】 B例4过去分词作定语的用法。(2013江苏盐城661分)L
