1、语态是英语动词的一种形式语态是英语动词的一种形式，是用于表示主语和谓语之间的关系的。英语语态分为主动语态（active voice）和被动语态(passive voice)两种。主动语态是表示主语是动作的执行者，如：1）Yesterday I parked my car outside the school.被动语态是表示主语是动作的承受者，如：2)A sound of piano is heard in the hall.英语里被动语态的使用似乎比汉语要广泛。英语的被动语态长用在下列的场合：1）当我们不知道动作的执行者的时候，如：1. Printing was introduced into
2、 Europe from China.2. Look! Theres nothing here. Everything has been taken away.3. My car has been moved!2)当我们不必提出动作的执行者的时候，如：4. I was born in 1960.5. Such things are not done twice. 这种事情不可再做。（现在一般时表经常性动作）3） 当我们强调或侧重动作的承受者的时候，如：6. She is liked by everybody.7. A good time was had by all. 大家都玩得很开心。4）
3、当我们出于礼貌避免说出动作的执行者时，如：8. Where can you be reached? 哪里可以和你接头？9. Youll be contacted.我们会和你联系。5)当有时候出于行文的需要，如：10. The film was directed by Xie Jin. (上文谈到的是该电影)11. Helen was sent to the school by her parents when she was nine. (上文谈到的是海伦)6)有些动词习惯上常用被动语态，如：12. Its done. (可缩略为Done!) 成啦！（现在一般时被动式表动作已完成）13. He
4、 is said to be a good teacher.他被认为是个好老师。14. I was born in 1960.15. The flag was slung between two trees.Sling sli slung sl 悬挂7)有时候说话人在不愿意就行为、意见或自己不大肯定的事而表态的情况下，有意选用被动语态，如：16. This matter will be dealt with as soon as possible.8)有时候说话人想避免用不明确的词如someone, a person等词做主语的情况下，就常常使用被动语态，如：17. After my talk
5、, I was asked to explain a point I had made.反之，如果说话人想表述事关个人时，则就避免使用被动语态了。9)有时候说话人是想对自己所宣布的令人不快的事情不负责任，因此有意选用被动语态：18. Boss: Overtime rates are being reduced/ will have to be reduced.加班工资将调低/ 将必须调低。如果是宣布令人高兴的事情，则当然会使用主动态动词：19. I am / We are going to increase overtime rates. 将调高加班工资。10） 有时候说话人可能知道动作是谁做
6、的，但不希望提到他的名字或者不提名字而进行暗示或警告，则选用被动语态。比如汤木怀疑比尔私下拆了他的信，他可能会说：20. This letter has been opened. 而不说 Youve opened this letter.*被动语态便于论述客观事实，故常用于科技文章、新闻报道、书刊介绍以及景物描写。比如：正式的布告 / 通告、广告、标题Candidates are required to present themselves fifteen minutes before the examination begins.考生应于考试前15分钟到达考场。English spoken
7、本店讲英语Shoes repaired修鞋KENNEDY ASSASSINATED! 肯尼迪被刺！ALL GOODS GREATLYREDUCED! 各种货物大减价！被动语态常由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。主动语态变为被动语态，可分为下列三种情况论述：1. “主+谓+宾”基本句型的变化1. Bell invented the telephone in 1876.2. The telephone was invented by Bell in 1876.3. He wrote an article.4. An article was written by him.另外被动结构中的by短语
8、，如无必要的话可以省略，如：1. They make these cars in Boston.2. These cars are made in Boston.如果宾语是that从句，变为被动结构的时候可用it作被动句的形式主语，如：1. They know that he is an expert.2.It is known that he is an expert.或者可以把原宾语从句中的主语变为被动句的主语，宾语从句中的谓语部分变为不定式短语，如：3.He is known to be an expert.在比较老式的英语中，或者在当代英语的少数说法中，被动句的by短语也可以用of 短
9、语代替，如：4.He was beloved of everybody.被动结构中的by短语并不一定总是代表动作的执行者，它有时也可表示方式或者原因，如：5. A policeman is known by the clothes he wears.6. I was very much flattered by his asking me to dance a second time. 我对他再次邀请我跳舞感到非常高兴。2. 在双宾语句子的结构中（就是指动作需要一个中介物到另外一个对象身上，中介物直接承受动作，为直接宾语多为物品，通过中介物间接承受动作者为间接宾语多为人；直接宾语就是动作的承受
10、者，间接宾语是动作的所向或所为的人或物，多为人），由于这种句型有一个直接宾语，一个间接宾语，变为被动结构时，只要把其中一个宾语变为被动句的主语，另外一个保留不变。比如将直接宾语变为被动句子中的主语时，间接宾语前则应该加to (可省略)或者for (不可省略)。如：7. He told her a long story.-1)A long story was told to her. 2)She was told a long story.8. Mother bought me a new coat.-1) A new coat was bought for me.2) I was bought
11、 a new coat.但是当被动句要强调间接宾语的时候，其前面的介词就不可以省略了，比如：This warning was given to them, not to me. 有时候，两个宾语都是直接宾语。那么当变为被动句子的时候，一般将原主动结构中指人的宾语变为被动句的主语，如：9. The teacher asked the students a very unusual question.- The students were asked a very unusual question.3. 主+谓+复合宾语 的句型变为被动结构这种结构是含有一个宾语再加宾语补足语构成的复合结构。只要将
12、宾语变为被动结构中的主语，宾语补足语不变。如：10.They chose Tom captain. - Tom was chosen captain.11.They recognized him as a genius. - He was recognized as a genius.12.We asked the teacher to explain the sentence again.-The teacher was asked to explain the question again.13.I found him lying on the floor. - He was found
13、lying on the floor.在提到被动态动词的施动者时候，一般用by + 施动者结构，但是也可以使用 with + 施动者的结构，如：Smoke filled the room.-The room was filled with smoke.Paint covered the lock.-The lock was covered with paint. 油漆涂遍了锁上。这里针对的只是所涉及的物质而不是施动者本人。试比较一下BY + 行为主体 与 WITH + 行为主体：He was killed by a falling stone.(意外)He was killed with a
14、stone. (故意行为，手段问题) 他被人用石头杀死了。被动语态除了常用BE + 过去分词构成外，也可以用 GET + 过去分词 结构。多用在口语中，后面一般不接 BY 短语，如：Hundreds of people get killed every year by traffic on the roads. The boy got hurt on his way to school.这种结构多用在：1. 给自身做某事：I got dressed as quickly as possible. 我尽快穿上衣服。2. 设法做到自己称心的事情，后接反身代词：I saw old Morton ha
15、s got himself promoted at last. 3.由于客观原因发生某事，多为不好的事情： We got delayed because of the holiday traffic.少数这样的机构可表示命令人，如：Get dressed! 穿上衣服！/ Get washed! 去洗洗吧！或者有侮辱人口气，如：Oh, get lost will you! 给我走开！-作者：admin-发布时间：2004-5-27 23:38:40-被动语态与做形容词的过去分词（连系动词 + 做表语的过去分词）的区别 1)很多词如broken, interested, shut, worried
16、等可以做形容词，也可用在被动语态中作过去分词用。注意区别：I was worried about you all night. （形容词，表示状态）I was worried by the noise outside all night. （被动，表行为）如果是形容词，后面不能用by + 行为主体，也不能变为主动句了。2)系表结构一般只用在现在一般时和过去一般时。而被动语态还可以有其他的事态，如：I have been driven to it. 我是被迫至此的。The flower will be planted next week.下周种花。3)系表结构有主动意义，被动语态只有被动意义。那
17、么现在将有主动意义的系表结构举例说明如下：a)过去分词表心理、感情等，如：I am quite puzzled. 我感到困惑。b)过去分词与介词搭配，如：He was puzzled about it.他对那件事感到困惑。Are you interested in this subject?Are you surprised at the news?The child is accustomed to sleeping alone. 这孩子习惯独自睡了。* 注意：有时候只能从上下文来判断，如：The door was closed. 门关上了。两种可能都有，只有从上下文来判断。含有被动意义的主
18、动语态英语当中有些不及物动词（其主语大都是指物）可以表示被动意味。这些不及物动词如下：1. 某些连系东西，如smell, taste, sound, prove, feel等. The flowers smell sweet. The food tastes nice. . That sounds very reasonable.2. 某些与cant / wont 等连用的不及物动词，如 move, lock, shut, open 等：. It cant move. The door wont shut.3. 某些可与well / easily 等副词连用的不及物动词，如read, writ
19、e, wash, clean, draw, burn, cook, photograph等, 如：. The cloth washes well. 这种布料好洗。. The poem reads smoothly. 这诗读起来很流畅。. This kind of rice cooks more quickly than that kind. 这种米作饭比那种熟得快。其他不定式结构表示喜欢、热爱、希望、想要及与其相似意义的动词 + 宾语 + 不定式，有不定式的被动结构构成其被动语态：He wants someone to take photographs.He wants photographs
20、 to be taken.注意以下的结构如果是advise/order/recommend/urge + 间接宾语（多为人） + 不定式 + 宾语的结构，则构成两种被动语态：或者将主要动词变为被动语态，或者用advise等 + thatshould + 被动式：主动态：He urged the Council to reduce the rates. 他敦促市议会减少捐税。knsil被动态：The Council was / were urged to reduce the rates.He urged that the rates should be reduced.如果是agree / b
21、e anxious /arrange/ be determined/ determine/ decide/ demand + 不定式 + 宾语，则通常用that should 结构来变化，如：He decided to sell the house.He decided that the house should be sold.不定式结构用在suppose后. suppose的被动态之后可以接任何动词的不定式的一般式，但是这种结构通常含有这是一种责任、义务的意思，不是同suppose的主动态（“推测”）完全对应的形式：You are supposed to know how to drive
22、.-It is your duty to know / You should knowhow to drive.但是He is supposed to be in Paris却可能有两种解释：也即既可能是他应该在那里，也可能是人们猜想他在那里。2. suppose 的被动态后面也可以跟任何动词的不定式的完成式。这种结构可既可能有责任和义务的含义，也可能没有。You are supposed to have finished.-You should have finished. 早该完成了。He is supposed to have escaped by riding a bike.-Peop
23、le supposed that he escaped据猜测他是骑单车逃跑的。到底有没有义务或责任，还是要从上下文来判断。在主动态的动词后面可能是不带to的不定式，但是变为被动态以后不定式要带tWe saw them go out.They were seen to go out.He made us work.We were made to work.然而，惟独let的被动态后面的不定式不带tThey let us go.We were let go.不定式的进行式和完成进行式都可以用在下面动词的被动式后：believe, know, report, say, suppose, think,
24、 understand等。You are supposed to be working. = You should be working. 你本应该在工作。You are supposed to have been working. = You should have been working. 你本应该一直在工作。-作者：admin-发布时间：2004-5-27 23:39:00-动名词结构如果是advise / insist / propose / recommend / suggest + 动名词 + 宾语结构，通常由thatshould 结构，如：He recommended usin
25、g the new IBM laptop.He recommended that the new IBM laptop should be used. 其他动名词结构的被动态用动名词的被动式来表示：I remember them taking me to the zoo.I remember being taken to the zoo.介词和被动态动词的连用 动词+介词+宾语这个结构变被动语态时，介词应该直接跟在动词后：We must write to him.He must be written to.动词+副词结构，也应该同样处理：They threw away the old news
26、paper.The old newspaper were thrown away.使役式 have + 名词或代词宾语 + 规则动词或不规则动词的过去分词 构成, 可以用在现在时、过去时、现在完成时、将来时等，也可以和情态动词连用：I have just had my car repaired.I am going to have my hair cut.注意词序，不要混淆：I had built a house. I had a house built. 我（雇人）盖了一所房子。也可以用短语动词，那么句子可以用介词和副词结尾：The computer isnt working properl
27、y. Im having it looked at. 电脑出了毛病，我在请人看呢。有时候有些句子里，把过去分词给省略了，如：I had a tooth out this morning. ( pulled out)使役式用于指物，和被动态相似，着重于“对某人、某事干了什么”，不着重“某人干了什么”，如：I am servicing my car. 我自己在检修自己的汽车。My car is being serviced. 我的汽车在检修。（有人为我干）Im having my car service. 我在（让别人）检修我的汽车。（我让别人干）它和被动语态一样，我们可能不知道或者不必指明是谁在
28、为我们服务。然而，用这种形式比用被动式更加强调是使别人为我们服务因此长用buildcleandecoratedeliverdevelopprintmendrepairservicephotocopy等动词的使役式。注意只有在必须强调提到是什么人或者什么东西做什么事情的时候，才用by + 行为主体:Were having the job done by some local builders. They are much cheaper and more reliable than anyone else.用与指人：teach, train, prepare, instruct, coach等动
29、词的使役式可以指出对别人做的事情：I am teaching her English.She is being taught English. （可能不知道或者不想提是谁在教她）I am having her taught English.(我让别人教她英语)注意和have someone do something 结构的区别：这种结构用来表示一个人让另外一个人做某事，如Have the next patient come in now please, nurse.I cant imagine what he will have you believe next. 我不能想象他下一步会让你相信什么。I will have you know that I am a qualified doctor. 我要让你知道我是个合格的医生。在使役式中get / have的比较尽管两者常可以互换，但是get 用得少，某些情况下还不能互换，如：1）I must get this car serviced soon. 我得马上检修这辆车。在这里get的语气要强些，而且含有强调主语所做的动作之意。2）I finally got my roof repaired. 我终于把房顶修好了。在这里，get 含有have 所不
