1、最新典型题高考化学二轮复习+知识点总结+有机化学基础优秀名师资料(典型题)2014高考化学二轮复习 知识点总结 有机化学基础【典型题】2014高考化学二轮复习名师知识点总结:有机化学基础 一、选择题 1(药物贝诺酯可由乙酰水杨酸和对乙酰氨基酚在一定条件下反应制得: 下列有关叙述正确的是( ) A(贝诺酯分子中有三种含氧官能团 B(可用FeCl溶液区别乙酰水杨酸和对乙酰氨基酚 3C(乙酰水杨酸和对乙酰氨基酚均能与NaHCO溶液反应 3D(贝诺酯与足量NaOH溶液共热，最终生成乙酰水杨酸钠和对乙酰氨基酚钠 解析:结合三种有机物的结构确定含有的官能团及具有的性质。 贝诺酯分子中含有两种含氧官能团，A
2、错。对乙酰氨基酚分子中含有酚羟基，能与FeCl溶液发生显色反应，乙酰水杨酸则不能，可利用FeCl33溶液区别这两种有机物，B对。乙酰水杨酸分子中含有COOH，能与NaHCO溶液发生反应，3而对乙酰氨基酚则不能，C错。贝诺酯与足量NaOH溶液共热发生水解反应，生成，D错。 答案:B 点拨:知识:有机物的结构及性质。能力:考查考生的综合分析能力和迁移应用能力。试题难度:中等。 2(2013?浙江卷?10)下列说法正确的是( ) We hereby apply for! Applicant: date date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review
3、signature: date recorded form 17: credit cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day loan maximum amount . Computer transfer qilu bank file qilu Silver (2011) 39th, on issued qilu Bank personal guarantee loan management a
4、pproach of notification the branch, and jurisdiction line and the bys business line, and Jinans within the branch, and head office the sector: for promote personal guarantee loan business of development, specification business operation, effective control risk, Head Office Organization amendment has
5、 qilu Bank personal guarantee loan management approach (following referred to this approach), now will about requirements and the amendment content notification following, please seriously implementation: a, and Seriously study the documents, and strict implementation of this approach in all aspects
6、 of the business operations requirements to effectively manage risks. II, and this approach main amendment content: (a) according to China banking supervision Management Committee personal loan management provisional approach, will loan process subdivision for loan application, and accepted and surv
7、ey, and risk evaluation and review, and loan approval, and contract signed, and loan issued, and loan paid, and loan Hou management, and recycling and disposal, nine a link, and on the link of operation proposed has specific requirements. (B) the simplification, the annex of the relevant amendments.
8、 (C) requesting the Executive double interview, double checking, double system. (D) loan factors: 1 the borrower (1) borrowe A(按系统命名法，化合物的名称是2,3,5,5,四甲基,4,4,二乙基己烷 B(等物质的量的苯与苯甲酸完全燃烧消耗氧气的量不相等 C(苯与甲苯互为同系物，均能使KMnO酸性溶液褪色 4D(结构片段为的高聚物，其单体是甲醛和苯酚 解析:从有机物的组成和结构入手，分析其化学性质，得出合理答案。 该有机物的名称中碳原子编号错误，应从右端碳原子开始编号，正
9、确名称应为2,2,4,5,四甲基,3,3,二乙基己烷，A项错。苯、苯甲酸的分子式分别为CH、CHO，而苯甲酸66762可写成CH?CO，显然等物质的量的两种有机物完全燃烧时，消耗O的物质的量相等，B6622项错。苯和甲苯互为同系物，甲苯能使KMnO酸性溶液褪色，而苯不能，C项错。由高聚物4的结构片段可知，该高聚物应由单体苯酚和甲醛发生缩聚反应生成，D项正确。 答案:D 点拨:知识:有机物的命名，同系物及其性质，高聚物及其单体的推断。能力:考查考生对有机化学基础知识的理解及迁移应用能力。试题难度:中等。 3(2013?东北三省四市第二次联考?8)乙苯的一氯代物的结构共有( ) A(3种 B(4种
10、 C(5种 D(6种 解析:乙苯乙基上氢原子环境有2种，苯环上氢原子环境有3种，所以乙苯的一氯代物共5种，C项正确。 答案:C 点拨:本题考查常见有机物命名及同分异构体知识。难度较小。 4(2013?高考命题研究专家原创卷)14.5 g某烷烃完全燃烧生成1.25 mol HO，则该2烃的一氯代物共有(不考虑立体异构)( ) A(2种 B(3种 C(4种 D(5种 解析:设该烷烃的分子式为CH，则: x2x，2CH , (x，1)HO x2x，22(14x，2)g (x，1)mol 14.5 g 1.25 mol hecking, double system. (D) loan factors:
11、 1 the borrower (1) borroweements. (B) the simplification, the annex of the relevant amendments. (C) requesting the Executive double interview, double crequirn paid, and loan Hou management, and recycling and disposal, nine a link, and on the link of operation proposed has specific on, and accepted
12、and survey, and risk evaluation and review, and loan approval, and contract signed, and loan issued, and loalicating supervision Management Committee personal loan management provisional approach, will loan process subdivision for loan apperations requirements to effectively manage risks. II, and th
13、is approach main amendment content: (a) according to China bankiss opimplementation: a, and Seriously study the documents, and strict implementation of this approach in all aspects of the businereferred to this approach), now will about requirements and the amendment content notification following,
14、please seriously lowingon, effective control risk, Head Office Organization amendment has qilu Bank personal guarantee loan management approach (folanch, and head office the sector: for promote personal guarantee loan business of development, specification business operatithe bree loan management ap
15、proach of notification the branch, and jurisdiction line and the bys business line, and Jinans within th day loan maximum amount . Computer transfer qilu bank file qilu Silver (2011) 39th, on issued qilu Bank personal guarantt cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit
16、 expiration date year month day to year monWe hereby apply for! Applicant: date date case, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date recorded form 17: credi2 列式求得x,4，则该烃的分子式为CH，可能是正丁烷，也有可能是异丁烷，各有2410种一氯代物，故共有4种一氯代物。 答案:C 点拨:本题考查简单有机物同分异构体的数目判断，意在考查考生对简单有机物结构的掌握情况和推理能力。 5(2013?高考命题研究专家原创卷
17、)某有机物的化学式为CHO，现有0.1 mol该有机483物分别与足量的钠、足量的碳酸氢钠溶液反应，生成标准状况下的气体分别为2.24 L H、22.24 L CO。则该有机物的同分异构体有(不考虑立体异构)( ) 2A(3种 B(4种 C(5种 D(6种 解析:由COOH，NaHCO?CO知，1 mol羧基生成1 mol二氧化碳;由OH(或COOH)3212.24 L，Na?H知，2 mol羟基(或羧基)生成1 mol H。依题意，n(H),n(CO),2222,1222.4 L?mol,0.1 mol。所以CHO分子中含有1个羧基和1个羟基。CHO拆去COOH、OH剩余“CH”，48348
18、336可以看成是丙烷(CH)上两个氢原子被羧基、羟基取代。第一步，羧基取代丙烷上一个氢原38CHCOOH、 (?) 子得两种同分异构体:(?)CHCH223答案:C 点拨:本题考查有机物同分异构体的数目判断，意在考查考生对中学化学基础知识的掌握情况及复述、再现、辨认的能力。 6(2013?高考命题研究专家原创卷)某品牌白酒中含有的塑化剂的主要成分为邻苯二甲酸二丁酯，其结构简式为 ents. (C) requesting the Executive double interview, double checking, double system. (D) loan factors: 1 the
19、borrower (1) borendma link, and on the link of operation proposed has specific requirements. (B) the simplification, the annex of the relevant am loan approval, and contract signed, and loan issued, and loan paid, and loan Hou management, and recycling and disposal, nine w, andvisional approach, wil
20、l loan process subdivision for loan application, and accepted and survey, and risk evaluation and revieapproach main amendment content: (a) according to China banking supervision Management Committee personal loan management prothis t implementation of this approach in all aspects of the business op
21、erations requirements to effectively manage risks. II, andhe amendment content notification following, please seriously implementation: a, and Seriously study the documents, and stricand ts qilu Bank personal guarantee loan management approach (following referred to this approach), now will about re
22、quirements loan business of development, specification business operation, effective control risk, Head Office Organization amendment ha ranteesdiction line and the bys business line, and Jinans within the branch, and head office the sector: for promote personal guaqilu Silver (2011) 39th, on issued
23、 qilu Bank personal guarantee loan management approach of notification the branch, and jurifile number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year month day loan maximum amount . Computer transfer qilu bank ee to write off loans. Loan review signature: date recorded form 17: credit cance
24、llation application form name of borrower IDWe hereby apply for! Applicant: date date case, agrrowe3 ，下列有关说法正确的是( ) A(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的分子式为CHO 16214B(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯属于酯类，可增加白酒的香味，对人体无害 C(用邻苯二甲酸与丁醇合成邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的反应属于取代反应 D(邻苯二甲酸二丁酯不能发生加成反应 解析:A项，邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的分子式为CHO，A错;B项，塑化剂对人体有害，B16224错;D项，邻苯二甲酸二丁酯中的苯环可以与H发生加成反应，D错。 2答案:
25、C 点拨:本题考查有机物的结构与性质，意在考查考生对有机物分子式、反应类型和官能团知识的掌握情况。 7(2013?高考命题研究专家原创卷)有机化合物的结构可 A(2种 B(3种 C(4种 D(5种 解析:该有机物的二氯代物中，两个氯原子连在同一碳原子上的有1种，连在不同碳原子上有3种，共4种，选项C正确。 答案:C 点拨:本题考查有机物同分异构体的判断，意在考查考生对有机物同分异构体概念的理解和推理能力。 8(2013?高考名校联考信息优化卷)符合下列条件的烃的一氯代物共有(不考虑立体异构)( ) ?分子中碳元素与氢元素的质量之比为21:2;?含一个苯环;?相对分子质量小于150。 A(2种
26、B(3种 C(4种 D(5种 解析:由碳元素与氢元素的质量之比为21:2可知，该烃分子中N(C):N(H),7:8，故其实验式为CH，设其分子式为(CH)，故有92n,150，则n,1.63，即n,1，所以其分子式7878n为CH，由于该化合物含一个苯环，故其只能为甲苯。甲苯中苯环上的一氯代物有3种，甲78基上的一氯代物有1种，共4种。 hecking, double system. (D) loan factors: 1 the borrower (1) borroweements. (B) the simplification, the annex of the relevant amen
27、dments. (C) requesting the Executive double interview, double crequirn paid, and loan Hou management, and recycling and disposal, nine a link, and on the link of operation proposed has specific on, and accepted and survey, and risk evaluation and review, and loan approval, and contract signed, and l
28、oan issued, and loalicating supervision Management Committee personal loan management provisional approach, will loan process subdivision for loan apperations requirements to effectively manage risks. II, and this approach main amendment content: (a) according to China bankiss opimplementation: a, a
29、nd Seriously study the documents, and strict implementation of this approach in all aspects of the businereferred to this approach), now will about requirements and the amendment content notification following, please seriously lowingon, effective control risk, Head Office Organization amendment has
30、 qilu Bank personal guarantee loan management approach (folanch, and head office the sector: for promote personal guarantee loan business of development, specification business operatithe bree loan management approach of notification the branch, and jurisdiction line and the bys business line, and J
31、inans within th day loan maximum amount . Computer transfer qilu bank file qilu Silver (2011) 39th, on issued qilu Bank personal guarantt cancellation application form name of borrower ID number and credit limit expiration date year month day to year monWe hereby apply for! Applicant: date date case
32、, agree to write off loans. Loan review signature: date recorded form 17: credi4 答案:C 点拨:本题考查简单有机物质同分异构体的判断，意在考查考生分析问题和解决(解答)化学问题的能力。 9(2013?河北省唐山市一模?13)某有机物结构简式为，下列关于该有机物的说法中不正确的是( ) A(遇FeCl溶液显紫色 3B(与足量的氢氧化钠溶液在一定条件下反应，最多消耗NaOH 3 mol C(能发生缩聚反应和加聚反应 D(1 mol该有机物与溴发生加成反应，最多消耗1 mol Br 2解析:A项，有机物分子中存在酚羟基，所以遇FeCl溶液显紫色;B项，有机物分子3中含有一个酚羟基、一个羧基和一个连在苯环上的氯原子，所以1 mol有机物与足量的氢氧化钠反应，最多消耗氢氧化钠4 mol，题中没有明确给出有机物的物质的量;C项，有机物分子中含有碳碳双键，能发生加聚反应，含有羧基和羟基，能发生缩聚反应;D项，1 mol该有机物中只含有1 mo
