1、常用物理数据常用物理数据1 基本物理常量 名 称 符号、数值和单位真空中的光速电子的电荷普朗克常量阿伏伽德罗常量原子质量单位电子的静止质量电子的荷质比法拉第常量氢原子的里德伯常量摩尔气体常量玻尔兹曼常量洛施密特常量万有引力常量标准大气压冰点的绝对温度声音在空气中的速度（标准状态下）干燥空气的密度（标准状态下）水银的密度（标准状态下）理想气体的摩尔体积（标准状态下）真空中介电常量（电容率）真空中磁导率钠光谱中黄线的波长镉光谱中红线的波长（15，101325Pa）c2.99792458108m/se1.60218921019Ch6.6261761034JsN06.0220451023mol1u1.
2、66056551027kgme9.1095341031kge/me1.75880471011C/kgF9.648456104C/molRH1.096776107m1R8.31441J/(molk)k1.3806221023J/Kn2.687191025m3G6.67201011Nm2/kg2P0101325PaT0273.15Kv331.46m/s空气1.293kg/m3水银13595.04kg/m3Vm22.41383103m3/mol08.8541881012F/m012.566371107H/mD589.3109mc d643.84696109m2 在20时固体和液体的密度物质密度(kg
3、/m3)物质密度(kg/m3)铝铜铁银金钨铂铅锡水银钢2698.9896078741050019320193002145011350729813546.276007900石英水晶玻璃冰(0)乙醇乙醚汽车用汽油弗利昂12（氟氯烷12）变压器油甘油2500280029003000880920789.4714710720132984089012603 在标准大气压下不同温度时水的密度温度t（）密度(kg/m3)温度t（）密度(kg/m3)温度t（）密度(kg/m3)0123456789101112131415999.841999.900999.941999.965999.973999.965999.
4、941999.902999.849999.781999.700999.605999.498999.377999.244999.09916171819202122232425262728293031998.943998.774998.595998.405998.203997.992997.770997.538997.296997.044996.783996.512996.232995.944995.646995.3403233343536373839405060708090100995.025994.702994.371994.031993.68993.33992.96992.59992.219
5、88.04983.21977.78971.80965.31958.354 在海平面上不同纬度处的重力加速度纬度（度）g（m/s2）纬度（度）g（m/s2）0510152025303540459.780499.780889.782049.783949.786529.789699.783389.797469.801809.806295055606570758085909.810799.815159.819249.822949.826149.828739.830659.831829.83221表中所列数值是根据公式g9.78049(10.005288sin20.000006sin2)算出的，其中为纬
6、度。5 固体的线膨胀系数物质温度或温度范围（）（1061）铝铜铁金银钢（0.05%碳）康铜铅锌铂钨石英玻璃窗玻璃花岗石瓷器010001000100010001000100010001000100010001002020020200202070023.817.112.214.319.612.015.229.2329.14.50.569.5693.44.16 在20时某些金属的弹性模量（杨氏模量）金属杨氏模量Y（GPa）（kgf/mm2）铝钨铁铜金银锌镍铬合金钢碳钢康铜69704071862061031277769807820323524520621619620616070007100415001
7、900021000105001300079007000820080002050024000250002100022000200002100016300杨氏弹性模量的值与材料的结构、化学成分及其加工制造方法有关。因此，在某些情况下，Y的值可能与表中所列的平均值不同。71 在20时与空气接触的液体的表面张力系数液体（103N/m）液体（103N/m）石油煤油松节油水肥皂溶液弗利昂12302428.872.75409.0甘油水银篦麻乙醇乙醇（在60时）乙醇（在0时）6351336.422.018.424.172 在不同温度下与空气接触的水的表面张力系数温度()(103N/m)温度()(103N/m)
8、温度()(103N/m)056810111213141575.6274.9074.7674.4874.2074.0773.9273.7873.6473.481617181920212223242573.3473.2073.0572.8972.7572.6072.4472.2872.1271.963040506070809010071.1569.5567.9066.1764.4162.6060.7458.8481 不同温度时水的粘滞系数温度（）粘滞系数温度（）粘滞系数（Pas）（106 kgfs /mm2）（Pas）（106 kgfs /mm2）010203040501787.81305.310
9、04.2801.2653.1549.2182.3133.1102.481.766.656.060708090100469.7406.0355.0314.8282.547.941.436.232.128.882 某些液体的粘滞系数液体温度（）（Pas）液体温度（）（Pas）汽油甲醇乙醇乙醚变压器篦麻油葵花子油0180202002002020102017885308175842780178011902962431980024210450000甘油蜂蜜鱼肝油水银2002010020802080200201001341061211051499103129456501041001034560046001
10、8551685155412249 不同温度时干燥空气中的声速 （单位：m/s）温度（）01234567896050403020100102030405060708090366.05360.51354.89349.18343.37337.46331.45325.33319.09312.72306.22299.58292.79285.84278.72271.41366.60361.07355.46349.75343.95338.06332.06324.71318.45312.08305.56298.91292.11285.14278.00270.67367.14361.62356.02350.33
11、344.54338.65332.66324.09317.82311.43304.91298.24291.42284.43277.27269.92367.69362.18356.58350.90345.12339.25333.27323.47317.19310.78304.25397.56290.73283.73276.55269.18368.24362.74357.15351.47345.70339.84333.87322.84316.55310.14303.58296.89290.03283.02275.82268.43368.78363.29357.71352.04346.29340.43
12、334.47322.22315.92309.49302.92296.21289.34282.30275.09267.68369.33363.84358.27352.62346.87341.02335.07321.60315.28308.84302.26295.53288.64281.59274.36266.93369.87364.39358.83353.19347.44341.61335.67320.97314.64308.19301.59294.85287.95280.88273.62266.17370.42364.95359.39353.75348.02342.20336.27320.34
13、314.00307.53300.92294.16287.25280.16272.89265.42370.96365.50359.95354.32348.60342.58336.87319.52313.36306.88300.25293.48286.55279.44272.15264.6610 固体导热系数物质温度(K)（102W /mK）物质温度(K)（102W /mK）银铝金铜铁黄铜2732732732732732734.182.383.114.00.821.2康铜不锈钢镍铬合金软木橡胶玻璃纤维2732732732732983230.220.140.110.31031.61030.41031
14、11 某些固体的比热容固体比热容（Jkg1K1）固体比热容（Jkg1K1）铝黄铜铜康铜908389385420铁钢玻璃冰4604506702090112 某些液体的比热容液体比热容（Jkg1K1）温度（）液体比热容（Jkg1K1）温度（）乙醇23002470020水银146.5139.3020113 不同温度时水的比热容温度（）05101520253040506070809099比热容（Jkg1K1）4217420241924186418241794178417841804184418941964205421512 某些金属和合金的电阻率及其温度系数金属或合金电阻率（106 m）温度系数（1）
15、金属或合金电阻率（106 m）温度系数（1）铝铜银金铁铅铂钨0.0280.01720.0160.0240.0980.2050.1050.0554210443104401044010460104371043910448104锌锡水银武德合金钢(0.100.15%碳)康铜铜锰镍合金镍铬合金0.0590.120.9580.520.100.140.470.510.341.000.981.10421044410410104371046103(0.040.01)103(0.030.02)103(0.030.4)103电阻率与金属中的杂质有关，因此表中列出的只是20时电阻率的平均值。131 不同金属或合金与
16、铂（化学纯）构成热电偶的热电动势 （热端在100，冷端在0时）金属或合金热电动势（mV）连续使用温度（）短时使用最高温度（）95%Ni5%(Al,Si,Mn)钨手工制造的铁康铜(60%Cu40%Ni)56%Cu44%Ni制导线用铜镍80%Ni20%Cr90%Ni10%Cr90%Pt10%Ir90%Pt10%Rh银1.380.791.873.54.00.751.52.52.711.30.640.7210002000600600600350100010001000100013006001250250080080080050011001100125012001600700表中的“”或“”表示该电极与
17、铂组成热电偶时，其热电动势是正或负。当热电动势为正时，在处于0的热电偶一端电流由金属（或合金）流向铂。为了确定用表中所列任何两种材料构成的热电偶的热电动势，应当取这两种材料的热电动势的差值。例如：铜康铜热电偶的热电动势等于0.75(3.5)4.25(mV)132 几种标准温差电偶名 称分度号100时的电动势（mV）使用温度范围（）铜康铜（Cu55Ni45）镍铬（Cr910Si0.4Ni90）康铜（Cu5657Ni4344）镍铬（Cr910Si0.4Ni90）镍硅（Si2.53Co0.6Ni97）铂铑（Pt90Rh10）铂铂铑（Pt70Rh30）铂铑（Pt94Rh6）CKEA2EV2LB3LL2
18、4.266.954.100.6430.034200300200800120016001800133 铜康铜热电偶的温差电动势（自由端温度0） （单位：mV）康铜的温度铜的温度（）010203040506070809010001002003000.0004.2279.28814.8640.3894.7499.82315.4480.7875.22710.36316.0351.1945.71210.90916.6271.6106.20411.45917.2222.0356.70212.01417.8212.4687.20712.57518.4242.9097.71913.14019.0313.357
19、8.23613.71019.6423.8138.75914.28520.2564.2779.28814.86420.87314 在常温下某些物质相对于空气的光的折射率物质H线(656.3nm)D线(589.3nm)H线（486.1nm）水（18）乙醇（18）二硫化碳（18）冕玻璃（轻）冕玻璃（重）燧石玻璃（轻）燧石玻璃（重）方解石（寻常光）方解石（非常光）水晶（寻常光）水晶（非常光）1.33141.36091.61991.51271.61261.60381.74341.65451.48461.54181.55091.33321.36251.62911.51531.61521.60851.751
20、51.65851.48641.54421.55331.33731.36651.65411.52141.62131.62001.77231.66791.49081.54961.558915 常用光源的谱线波长表 （单位：nm）一、H（氢）656.28红486.13绿蓝434.05蓝410.17蓝紫397.01蓝紫二、He（氦）706.52红667.82红587.56（D3）黄501.57绿492.19绿蓝471.31蓝447.15蓝402.62蓝紫388.87蓝紫三、Ne（氖）650.65红640.23橙638.30橙626.25橙621.73橙614.31橙588.19黄585.25黄四、Na（钠）589.592（D1）黄588.995（D2）黄五、Hg（汞）623.44橙579.07黄576.96黄546.07绿491.60绿蓝435.83蓝407.78蓝紫404.66蓝紫六、HeNe激光632.8橙
