1、英语高考阅读理解知识点详解 文档 阅读理解 阅读理解题是考查考生语言能力的重点，考生应能：1. 理解主旨要义； 2. 理解文中的具体信息； 3. 做出简单的判断和推理； 4. 理解文章的基本逻辑结构； 5. 理解作者的意图和态度。 这些能力要求常常通过概括、推理引申题来考查。深入分析高考试卷可知阅读理解题有如下特点：一、体裁丰富，题材广泛 选文涉及记叙文、说明文、应用文和议论文，考查最多的是说明文，尤 其是国外的新科技、新发明；涉及社会、文化、经济、科普、新闻和广告等 多种题材，时代感强，特别关注当今的热点话题，如教育、环境、道德、科 学发现、生活经历等。 二、阅读量大，长难句多 高考阅读理解
2、的文章长度比以前略有增加。此外，复杂句式明显增多， 这就要求考生在较短的时间内分析长难句、突破生词、理解句意，并做出正 确的理解和判断。 三、命题角度灵活，考查方式多样 设题涉及主旨大意、事实细节、词义猜测、推理判断等，多角度考查考 生输入、加工和输出信息的能力。其中事实细节题约占50%的比重，推理 判断题呈上升趋势，主旨大意题及猜测题的比重基本保持稳定。 通过对高考题和最新高考形势的分析，预计高考阅读理解题将延续以上 特点，并将更加强调材料的真实性，更加注重对原汁原味的文段的选择；信 息量会有所增大，对阅读速度的要求将有所提高。备考策略点睛1、浏览题干抓关键（词），有的放矢速解题首先，阅读题
3、干，先从问题中抓住关键性词语（题眼），然后以此为线索，运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句，仔细品味选定的部分，对照比较，确定答案。其次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地扫读文章，对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。这种方法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的效率，节省了宝贵的时间，尤其适用于对广告、演出信息、航班时间表等图形表格类题目的理解。二、速读全文抓主题，了解大意少失误阅读的目的是为了获取信息，一个人阅读能力的高低决定了他是否快速、高效地吸收有用信息。阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两
4、个方面。考生必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并理清文章脉络。抓主题句是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主题句一般出现在文章的开头或结尾。用归纳法撰写的文章其主题句通常出现在文章的开端。当然也有些文章没有主题句，需要考生自己去归纳。主题句往往对全文起概括、归纳作用，主旨大意题可直接从主题句中提取。找出下列文字的主题句：The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news
5、 and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops. 3、关键细节不遗漏，同义替代要关注 文章绝不是互不相干的句子杂乱文章地堆砌成的，而是有脉可循的。如记叙文多以人物为中心，以时间或空间为线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事；议论文则包含论点、论据、论证三大要素，通过解释、举例来论证论点。我们可根据文章的特点，
6、找出关键词语，详读相关细节，理清文章脉络。此外，为了增加试题的区分度，命题者在题干和选项的设计中采用了同义替代的手法，即把原文中的词语在选项中进行了同义置换，这一点在做题时要格外关注。四、顺藤摸瓜猜词义，扫清障碍提速度 猜词是灵活应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中的常考题型。考生不但要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的词汇量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇，还要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词法、语法、定义、同位语、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索确定词义。五、平时养成好习惯，潜移默化结硕果1. 在平时的训练中养成默读的习惯，使注意力集中在文字符号上，纠正唇读、心读等做法，以免分散注意力，影响阅读速度。2.
7、克服指读、回视、重读等不良习惯，因为这样容易使理解只停留在某个词或句子上，使获得的信息支离破碎。要善于抓住句子的核心词，从一个句子快速地扫视到另一个句子，进行连贯性理解。如： Would you like to do some shopping together with me? If you are free, please ring me back to tell me about it. 这个句子，只要扫视画线的核心词，其意思就基本上清楚了。3. 在关键词处做标记，便于查找信息。尤其是在解答一些事实细节题时，这种方法更实用。在备考中还应注意：1. 平时练习应以考纲为标准，熟悉各种文体；
8、2. 对常用又重要的单词进行归纳，对其中的易混词语比较式地查词典， 全面掌握这些词的释义和用法；总之，做阅读理解时，考生应该从宏观上把握文章的脉络，明确段落大意，理解文章的中心思想和作者的行文思路，这是做阅读理解题获取高分的基础和前提条件。专题一、主旨大意题1. 主旨大意题常用的提问方式有： 1) The text suggests that in the future we . 2) What is the passage mainly about? 3) What does the text mainly tell us? 4) The text is mainly about . 5)
9、What does the author want to tell us most? 6) In the text the author expresses . 7) What is the main idea of the text? 8) What can be the best title for the text/ passage? 9) Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?2. 主旨大意题选项的特点： 正确选项通常不含细节信息和绝对意义的词，能概括文章的全部内容；干扰选项往往信息片面，细节信息明
10、显，常含有绝对意义的词。主旨大意题一般会作为一篇阅读理解题的第一个或最后一个题目。3. 做主旨大意题的方法： 做主旨大意题时，确定主题句非常关键。文章主题句往往体现全文的主旨大意，是文章的核心所在，通常是文章的第一句或末尾一句，偶尔也在中间出现。非故事性文章，如科普文，其主题句通常较为明显。有的文章主题句不明显，而是隐含在段落中，需要考生去归纳。另外，阅读理解题中也经常出现考查段落主题句的题目。主题句是考查重点，很多题目都是围绕主题句设计的，确定主题句不仅有利于确定文章主旨，还有利于读懂细节。 When women sit together to watch a movie on TV, th
11、ey usually talk simultaneously（同时）about a variety of subjects, including children, men, careers and whats happening in their lives. When groups of men and women watch a movie together, the men usually end up telling the women to shut up. Men can either talk or watch the screen- they cant do both- an
12、d they dont understand that women can. Besides, women consider that the point of all getting together is to have a good time and develop relationships- not just to sit there like couch potatoes staring at the screen. During the ad breaks, a man often asks a woman to explain the plot and tell him whe
13、re the relationship between the characters is going. He is unable, unlike women, to read the subtle body language signals that reveal how the characters are feeling emotionally. Since women originally spent their days with the other women and children in the group, they developed the ability to comm
14、unicate successfully in order to maintain relationships. For a woman, speech continues to have such a clear purpose: to build relationships and make friends. For men, to talk is to relate the facts. Men see the telephone as a communication tool for sending facts and information to other people, but
15、a woman sees it as a means of bonding. A woman can spend two weeks on vacation with her girlfriend and, when she returns home, telephone the same girlfriend and, when she returns home, telephone the same girlfriend and talk for another two hours. There is no convincing evidence that social condition
16、ing, the fact that girls mothers talked to them more, is the reason why girls talk more than boys. Psychiatrist Dr Michael Lewis, author of Social Behaviour and Language Acquisition, conducted experiments that found mothers talked to, and looked at, baby girls more often than baby boys. Scientific e
17、vidence shows parents respond to the brain bias of their children. Since a girls brain is better organized to send and receive speech, we therefore talk to them more. Consequently, mothers who try to talk to their sons are usually disappointed to receive only short grunts in reply. Which of the foll
18、owing would be the best title for the passage? A. Women Are Socially Trained to Talk B. Talking Maintains Relationships C. Women Love to Talk D. Men Talk Differently from Women技巧：在选择文章题目时，注意题目要具有凝练、醒目的特点。这类题属于考查主旨要义题 的范畴。做主旨概括类试题多采用浏览法，即浏览文章的首段和尾段或每段的首句和 尾句，重点搜索主题信息，对比所给选项，选出最贴切最能概括全文的选项。 Camping wi
19、ld is a wonderful way to experience the natural world and, at its best, it makes little environmental influence. But with increasing numbers of people wanting to escape into the wilderness, it is becoming more and more important to camp unobtrusively（不引人注目地）and leave no mark. Wild camping is not per
20、mitted in many places, particularly in crowded lowland Britain. Wherever you are, find out about organizations responsible for managing wild spaces, and contact them to find out their policy on camping and shelter building. For example, it is fine to camp wild in remote parts of Scotland, but in Eng
21、land you must ask the landowners permission, except in national parks. Camping is about having relaxation, sleeping outdoors, experiencing bad weather, and making do without modern conveniences. A busy, full-equipped campsite（野营地）seems to go against this, so seek out smaller, more remote places with
22、 easy access to open spaces and perhaps beaches. Better still, find a campsite with no road access: walking in makes a real adventure. Finding the right spot to camp is the first step to guaranteeing a good nights sleep. Choose a campsite with privacy and minimum influence on others and the environm
23、ent. Try to use an area where people have obviously camped before rather than creating a new spot. When camping in woodland, avoid standing dead trees, which may fall on a windy night. Avoid animal runs and caves, and possible homes of biting insects. Make sure you have almost protection on the wind
24、ward side. If you make a fire, do so downwind of your shelter. Always consider what influence you might have on the natural world. Avoid damaging plants. A good campsite is found, not made changing it should be unnecessary.The passage is mainly about . A. the protection of campsites B. the importanc
25、e of wild camping C. the human influence on campsites D. the dos and donts of wild camping 技巧：我们在归纳文章主题时，一定要注意选项的内涵和外延是否恰如其分地概括文章的 主题，既不能范围过大，也不能把某一细节或侧面误当做主题。阅读时我们还应注 意捕捉文章中出现频率较高的词汇以及文章和段落的主题句。专题二、事实细节题 事实细节题一般根据短文提供的信息和事实进行提问，命题人往往通过对文章细节加以改写，来考查考生准确理解细节的能力。事实细节题在高考阅读理解中占有相当大的比例。从近两年来的高考试题来看，事实细节
26、题占全部阅读理解题的50%之多。1. 事实细节题常见的提问方式有：1) According to the author, who/ what/ when/ where/ which/ why/ how.?2) Which of the following statements is true/ not true?3) The statement made by the author is based on the evidence/ example/ fact that.4) Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the t
27、ext?5) The author states all of the following EXCEPT.6) Choose the right order of the events given in the passage. 7) All of the following statements may be true/ false except. 8) Which of the following is not the result of .?9) Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of.?10) Acco
28、rding to the author,. was caused by.2. 事实细节题可分为两种类型：一种类型的答案几乎可以直接从原文中获得，答案和原 文中含相关信息的句子在用词上也几乎相同； 另一种要复杂一些，有时在原文中找不到同正确选项相近 的词，其答案可能是原文某一事实的结果、原因、 前提等。3. 事实细节题的特点：选择的依据必须是短文本身提供的信息，不可根据自己的主观假 设或推测来取舍。在平时备考训练中，应学会快速辨认和记忆事实 或细节，可用查读法，即带着问题寻找答案。在阅读过程中对一些 涉及who（何人），what（何事），where（何地），how（怎样）， why（为何）等常考
29、的细节内容做适当的标记，以便解题时能够迅 速、准确地查找。 Every day we experience one of the wonders of the world around us without even realizing it. It is not the amazing complexity of television, nor the impressive technology of transport. The universal wonder we share and experience is our ability to make noises with our m
30、onths, and so transmit ideas and thoughts to each others minds. This ability comes so naturally that we tend to forget what a miracle （奇迹）it is. Obviously, the ability to talk is something that makes humans off from animals. Of course, some animals have powers just as amazing. Birds can fly thousand
31、s of miles by observing positions of the stars in the sky in relation to the time of day and year. In Nature talent show, humans are a special act. If we reduce it to basic terms, its an ability for communicating information to others, by varying sounds we make as we breathe out. Not that we dont ha
32、ve other powers of communication. Our facial expressions convey our emotions, such as anger, or joy, or disappointed. The way we hold our heads can indicate to others whether we are happy or sad. This is so-called body language. Bristling （直立的）fur is an unmistakable warning of attack among many animals. Similarly, the bowed head or dropping tail shows a readiness to take a second place in any animal gathering. Such a means of communication is
