1、届译林版中考语法整合学案第12课时简单句并列句第12课时简单句、并列句和复合句2015中考对并列句和复合句的考查常表现在对连词的选择和使用上,如并列连词:and,but,or,while以及其他连接名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词、关联词,如:when,who,that,where,if等。预计2016年中考将继续考查并列句,宾语从句,状语从句和定语从句。另外对定语从句的考查将向深度发展。根据语法形式,即句子的结构,英语的句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。(一)简单句简单句的基本形式是由一个主语加一个谓语构成。其他各种句子形式都是由此句型发展而来,如五大基本句型:1. 主语+谓语,这种句
2、型简称为主谓结构,其谓语一般都是不及物动词,如:Things change. 事物是变化的。Nobody went. 没有人去。2. 主语+连系动词+表语,这种句型称为主系表结构,其实连系动词在形式上也是一种谓语动词,但实质上表语成了谓语,如:Mr Turner is an artist. 特纳先生是位画家。3. 主语+谓语+宾语,这种句型可称为主谓宾结构,它的谓语一般多是及物动词,如:We never beat children. 我们从来不打孩子。4. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语,这种句型可称为主谓宾结构,其谓语应是可有双宾语的及物动词,两个宾语一个是间接宾语,一个是直接宾语,如:He gav
3、e the book to his sister.他把这本书给了他的妹妹。5. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补,这种句型可简称为主谓宾补结构,其补语是宾语补语,与宾语一起即构成复合宾语,如:I found the book easy.我发现这本书不难。(形容词easy作补语)Ill let him go. 我将让他去。(动词go用作补语)注意:有时两个或更多的并列主语拥有一个共同的谓语,甚至并列有两个主语和两个谓语,这样的句子仍然是简单句,例如:China and other countries in the East Asia are developing rapidly.中国和东亚其他国家正在迅速
4、地发展。(China and other countries为并列主语)(二)并列句1. 由and、but、or、so、for等并列连词把两个简单句连接起来而成的。如:John likes playing basketball,but he didnt play it yesterday. 约翰喜欢打篮球,但他昨天没打。He must be a good student,for he is always careful with his lessons. 他肯定是个好学生,因为他学习一直很认真仔细。2. 由并列连词词组连接成的。常用的有:not only.but also.,either.or
5、.,neither.nor.,not.but.,both.and.等等。如:Not only one but also all of us were invited.不只是一个,而是我们全体都受到邀请。Not couldnt they complete the task,but the task was too tough. 不是他们完不成任务,而是任务太重了。案例(2015北京1分)Id like to go with you, Im too busy.A. orB. and C. soD. but【解析】本题考查连词词义辨析。四个选项的意思分别是:A项“或者”;B项“和/又”,表示顺接;C
6、项“所以,因此”;D项“但是”。句意:我想和你一起去,我很忙,应该用表示转折的连词。【答案】 D(2015安徽1分)Spend more time talking with your parents, they may not well understand you.A. orB. soC. andD. but【解析】考查连词辨析用法。四个选项的意思分别是:or或者,否则;so所以;and并且;but但是。根据句子的前后关系判断,应该用连词or,不能用因果关系,递进关系或转折关系的连词。【答案】 A(三)主从复合句包含两个或多个主谓结构,并且,其中一个主谓结构充当主句,另一个或多个主谓结构为从
7、句,充当该主句的主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语,这样的句子叫作复合句。按照从句在整个复合句中所起的语法作用,可将复合句分为六类。即主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句。1. 主语从句在整个句子中充当主语成分的从句。可以由从属连词that,whether等引导;也可以由连接代词what,which,who以及由连接副词how,when,where,why,as等引导。In some countries what is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people.在一些国家,所谓的“公平”并不意味着
8、对所有人都是公平的。2. 表语从句当主句的谓语是系动词,而从句位于其后,即在整个句子中充当表语,则该从句叫作表语从句。可以由从属连词that,whether等引导;由连接代词what,which,who等引导;由连接副词how,when,where,why等引导;以及由because等引导。Their argument was how we know a way to test the authorities statement.他们的论据是我们怎能知道检验权威观点的方法。3. 宾语从句(包括间接引语)在主句中充当宾语成分,即跟在及物动词后面、不及物动词加介词后面,或介词后面的从句叫作宾语从句
9、。可以由从属连词that,whether,if等引导。如:We doubted if/whether he could/would win the honour. 我们怀疑他是否会获得此项殊荣。由连接代词what,which,who等引导;由连接副词how,when,where,why等引导。如:Professor Lees book will show you how what you have observed can be used in other contexts.李教授的书将展示给你,你之前观察的内容是如何用在其他教材书中的。案例(2015湖北黄冈1分)So,can you tel
10、l me here today?Well,I was walking down Centre Street when a UFO landed.A. what did you see B. what you saw C. when did you see it D. when you saw【解析】本题考查宾语从句的用法。宾语从句应该用陈述句语序,所以排除A、C两项。根据应答句判断:疑问句是询问对方看见了什么,动作发生在过去,应该用一般过去时。【答案】 B(2015山东莱芜351分)Do you know ?Yes. The monitor said we should meet at ten
11、.A. where well have a big saleB. why well go to old peoples homeC. when well help clean up the city parksD. how well go to cheer up the sick kids【解析】本题考查宾语从句的用法。因为下句说的是“班长说我们将在十点会面”,所以可知上面的宾语从句问的是时间。【答案】 C4. 状语从句从句可分为:时间状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、让步状语从句、宾语从句和定语从句等。A. 引导时间状语从句的连词常见的有:when、after、before、as soo
12、n as、until 和while等。时间状语从句通常要遵循“主现、从现原则和”主将、从现原则”。如:Ill call you as soon as I hear from you.我一收到你的来信,就会打电话给你。案例(2015重庆B1分)Your uncle will come to see you as soon as he here.A. arrives B. arrivedC. will arrive D. is arriving 【解析】本题考查状语从句中时态的用法。该句是时间状语从句,主句谓语动词是一般将来时态,从句要用一般现在表示将来时。因为主语是第三人称单数,动词词尾要加-s
13、。【答案】 A (2015河南)Hes not a perfect child. He sometimes talks back his parents talk with him.A. if B. before C. when D. until【解析】考查从属连词的词义辨析。本题句意为:他不是个完美的孩子,父母与他交谈时,他有时顶嘴。根据句意及常识可知,talks back与时间状语从句中的动作talk同步进行,所以应用when表达。if意为“如果;是否”,表示假设或疑问,引导时间状语从句或宾语从句;before意为“在之前”,表示前后动作先后发生,引导时间状语从句;when意为“当时候”,
14、表示前后动作同步进行或先后发生,引导时间状语从句;until意为“直到为止”,常与否定词not连用,引导时间状语从句。故选C。【答案】 CB. 条件状语从句 条件状语从句通常用if/unless引导。如:I am sure I will do it well if you give me this chance. 如果你给我这个机会,我敢肯定我会干得很好。案例(2015贵州铜仁1分)We for a picnic if it rain this Sunday.A. go;doesnt B. will go;wontC. will go;doesnt D. go;wont【解析】本题考查状语从句
15、中时态的用法。根据句中的时间状语判断,主句应该用一般将来时态;从句用一般现在时态代替将要发生的动作。【答案】 CC. 方式状语从句方式状语从句通常由as,(just) as.so.,as if,as though引导。如:As water is to fish,so air is to man.我们离不开空气,犹如鱼儿离不开水。as if,as though 两者的意义和用法相同,引导的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反,有时也用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作“仿佛似的”,“好像似的”。如:They completely ignore these facts a
16、s if(as though) they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实,就仿佛它们不存在似的。(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。)It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。(实现的可能性较大,谓语用陈述语气。)D. 地点状语从句地点状语从句通常由where,wherever 引导。如:I found my wallet where I walked.我在我走过的地方找到了钱包。E. 结果状语从句。结果状语从句通常由so.that.(如此以致)引导。如:He was so excited tha
17、t he couldnt say a word. 他激动得一句话也说不出来。案例(2015湖北十堰1分)来自十堰的男孩华晨宇歌声如此优美,以至于粉丝众多。Hua Chenyu,a boy from Shiyan,sings he has many fans now.【解析】本题考查固定搭配的用法。根据汉语意思和英文判断,句中所缺的是“如此优美,以至于”,应该用“So beautiful/well.that”来表示。【答案】so beautifully/well/wonderfully.thatF. 目的状语从句目的状语从句通常由that,so that(以便),in order that等引导
18、。如:Mr Smith speaks slowly so that the students can hear clearly. 史密斯先生说话很慢,以便学生们能够听清楚。G. 原因状语从句原因状语从句一般由because,since,as和for引导。because语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或 since。由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for。如:I didnt go,because I was afraid.我不去是因为
19、我怕。He is absent today,because/for he is ill.他今天缺席,因为他病了。He must be ill,for he is absent today.他一定病了,因为他今天缺席。案例(2015山东滨州1分)Do you know if he will come tomorrow?No. But if he ,Ill call you to have a meal together.A. will come B. wont comeC. comes D. doesnt come【解析】本题考查状语从句中时态的用法。句意:你知道他明天是否会来吗?我也不知道。如
20、果他来了的话,我会打电话叫你一起吃饭的。If引导的时间状语从句,遵循主将从现的原则,即主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时表示将来时。【答案】 CH. 让步状语从句。让步状语从句通常由though/although(虽然但是),even if/even though(即使)来引导。如:I really enjoyed your lecture though/although there were some parts I didnt quite understand. 虽然有一部分我不理解,但是我真的喜爱你的演讲。Young as/though he is,he is so experience
21、d.虽然很小,但他经验丰富。“no matter+疑问词” 或“疑问词+后缀ever”。如:No matter what happened,he would not mind.=Whatever happened,he would not mind. 不管发生什么,他不在意。no matter what=whateverno matter who=whoeverno matter when=wheneverno matter where=whereverno matter which=whicheverno matter how=however5. 定语从句定语从句由关系代词(who,whom
22、,whose,which,that)和关系副词(when,where,why)等引导。定语从句可分为以下两类:A. 限制性定语从句。He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。I will never forget the days when/during which we lived together. 我永远忘不了我们在一起的那些日子。B. 非限制性定语从句Ive invited Jim,who lives in the next flat.我请了吉姆,他就住在隔壁。如何正确选用定语从句中的引导词 (1)根据先行词来选用a)当先行词指人,
23、并且在定语从句中作主语时,通常用引导词who。如:This is the man who will give us a talk.这就是将要给我们作报告的那个人。b)当先行词指人,并且在定语从句中作宾语时,通常用引导词whom。如:He was the man whom you saw just now.他就是你刚才见到的那个人。c)当先行词指人并表示所有,而且在定语从句中作定语时,通常用引导词whose。如:His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone whose family was poor. 他父母不会让他与家庭贫穷的任何人结婚。d)当先行词指物,并
24、且在定语从句中作表语时或既指人又指物,通常用引导词that。如:Its a book which will help you a lot. 这是一本对你很有帮助的书。e)当先行词在定语从句中作状语时,表示时间时通常用引导词when;表示地点时通常用引导词where。如:This is the place where we visited. 这是我们参观过的地方。(2)根据先行词的修饰成分来选用。以下情况用that,不用which:a)当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。This is the most important task that should be finished soon.这是必须很
25、快完成的最重要的任务。b)当先行词被all,much,something,everything,any,few,little,no,some,last,next,the very,the only,the just等修饰时。如:Theres nothing that can be said about it.关于这件事可能无话可说。There is little work that is fit for you. 几乎没有适合你的工作。The only thing that I need now is money.我现在唯一需要的是钱。c)主句是以who,which引导的疑问句时。如:Who
26、is the woman that was talking to my mother?和我妈妈谈话的那个妇女是谁?(3)根据实际情况来选用。以下情况用which,不用that。a)引导词后面有介词时。如:This is the room in which he works. 这是他的工作间。b)先行词本身是that时。如:The watch is that which tells the time. 表是用来报时的。c)非限制性定语从句中先行词是物时。如:He has a computer,which was bought by his father yesterday. 他有一台电脑,是他的
27、爸爸昨天买的。Last year my father told me a thing,which I remember clearly today. 去年我爸爸告诉一件事,至今我记忆犹新。d)引导词在被动句中用作主语时。如:I like the toys which are colored. 我喜欢那些涂上不同颜色的玩具。案例(2015山东滨州1分)Do you know the girl is talking with our teacher?Oh,shes my sister. A. who B. whoseC. whom D. where【解析】本题考查关系代词的用法。因为先行词the
28、girl指人,在从句中作主语,关系代词应该用who。【答案】 A(2015河南1分)“Underground” is the only word in the English language begins and ends with the letters “und”.A. what B. thatC. who D. whom【解析】考查定语从句引导词的词义辨析。本题句意为:“Underground”是英语这种语言中唯一一个以“und”开头和结尾的单词。分析句子结构可知,“ begins and ends with the letters und”在此是定语从句,其先行词是前面的the on
29、ly word,而不是in the English language;先行词中有修饰词only时,定语从句应用引导词that。故选B项。【答案】 B例1考查复合句与简单句之间的互换。(2015上海651分)The girl wondered where she would meet her friends the next morning.(改为简单句)The girl wondered meet her friends the next morning. 【解析】本题考查简单句的用法。因为原句是宾语从句,改写后的句子可用“疑问副词+不定式”来表示。【答案】 where to例2考查连词的选择
30、。(2015江苏南京71分) Lin Fang has to work late,she always wears a smile on her face.A. Because B. IfC. Until D. Though【解析】考查连词的辨析用法。四个选项的意思分别是:because因为;if 如果;until直到;though虽然。根据句意“尽管林芳不得不工作到很晚,她总是脸上带着微笑”判断,该句是让步状语从句。应该用though(尽管)来连接。【答案】 D例3考查复合句的运用。(2015河南1分)Excuse me,can you tell me ?Sorry,I dont know. You can go to the information desk. A. that there is a train B. when the train leavesC. which train can I takeD. where does the train go【解析】考查宾语从句的用法。本题句意为:打扰一下,你能告诉我?真抱歉,我不知道。你可以去服务台咨询一下。本句是宾语从句,从句中应用陈述句语序,所以选项C、D错误;根据答语“Sorry,I dont know.”可知,宾语从句中应是一般疑问句句式。【答案】 B
