1、分子生物学adenine(A)腺嘌呤base碱基guanine(G)鸟嘌呤nudeotide核苷酸cytosine(C)胞嘧啶nucleoside核苷uracil(U)尿嘧啶thymine(T)胸腺嘧啶base pair碱基对phosphodiester linkage磷酸二酯键nucleosome核小体ribosome核糖体ribosomal RNA(rRNA)核糖体RNAtransfer RNA(tRNA)转运RNAmessenger RNA(mRNA)信使RNAnuclease核酸酶salvage pathway补救合成de novo synthesis从头合成uric acid尿酸in
2、osine肌苷the central dogma中心法则semiconservative replication半保留复制DNA dependent DNA polymerase依赖DNA的DNA聚合酶mitochondria DNA线粒体DNAexonuclease核酸外切酶incorporation掺入helicase解螺旋酶DNA topoisomeraseDNA拓扑异构酶single stranded DNA binding protein单链DNA结合蛋白gyrase旋转酶primosome引发体primase引物酶DNA ligaseDNA连接酶origin 起始点bidirect
3、ional replication双向复制replicon复制子leading strand领头链lagging strand随从链Okazaki fragment冈崎片段rolling circle replication滚环复制telomerase端粒酶mutation突变dimer二聚体mismatch错配excission repairing切除修复recombination repairing重组修复reverse transcriptase逆转录酶integration整合ribozyme核酶DNA dependent RNA polymerase依赖DNA的RNA聚合酶codin
4、g strand编码链template strand模板链core enzyme核心酶holoenzyme全酶operon操纵子promoter启动子Pribnow boxPribnow盒transacting factor反式作用因子transcriptional factor转录因子stern loop茎环hairpin发夹primary transcripts初级转录产物post-transcriptional modification转录后修饰hetero-nuclear RNA hnRNAsmall nuclear RNAsnRNAsplit gene断裂基因exon外显子intro
5、n内含子self splicing自我剪接translation翻译codon密码子initiation codon起始密码termination codon终止密码code密码ribozyme cycle核糖体循环adaptor转换器post-translational processing翻译后加工interferon干扰素antibiotics抗生素anticodon反密码子releasing factor释放因子wobble pairing摇摆配对degeneracy简并性signal peptide信号肽secretory protein分泌性蛋白质elongation factor
6、延长因子streptomycin链霉素tetracycline四环素chloromycetin氯霉素puromycin嘌呤霉素cycloheximide防线菌酮promoter启动子lac operon乳糖操纵子temporal specificity时间特异性spatial specificity空间特异性housekeeping gene管家基因constitutive expression组成性基因表达induction诱导repression阻遏operator操纵序列cis-acting element顺式作用元件trans-acting factor反式作用因子repressor阻
7、遏物activator激活物catabolite gene activation proteinCAP分解代谢物基因激活蛋白attenuation转录衰减attenuator衰减子enhance增强子general transcription factor基本转录因子zinc finger锌指transformation转化transfection转染transduction转导transposition转座transposon转座子recombination重组homologous recombination同源重组clone克隆cloning克隆化copy拷贝genetic enginee
8、ring基因工程restriction endonulease限制性内切酶cloning rector基因载体plasmid质粒complementary DNA，cDNA互补DNAmolecular medicine分子医学gene therapy基因治疗genomic DNA library基因组DNA文库signal transduction信号转导hormone激素receptor受体secondary messenger第二信使ligand配体guanylate binding protein鸟苷酸结合蛋白(G蛋白)adenylate cyclase腺苷酸环化酶protein kin
9、ase A蛋白激酶AcAMP response element，CREcAMP应答元件protein kinase C蛋白激酶Ccalmoduline，CaM钙调蛋白tyrosine-protein kinase，TPK酪氨酸蛋白激酶autophosphorylation自身磷酸化protein phosphatase蛋白磷酸酶cross talk交联对话生物化学1章random coil无规卷曲threonine苏氨酸motif模体valine缬氨酸zinc finger锌指结构leucine亮氨酸chaperon分子伴侣lysine赖氨酸tertiary structure三级结构phen
10、ylalanine苯丙氨酸domain结构域methionine蛋氨酸fibronectin纤连蛋白histine组氨酸quaternary structure四级结构arginine精氨酸subunit亚基tyrosine酪氨酸myoglobin肌红蛋白cysteine半胱氨酸hemoglobin(Hb)血红蛋白alanine丙氨酸allosteric effect变构效应glycine甘氨酸denaturation变性serine丝氨酸renaturation复性aspartic acid天冬氨酸protein coagulation蛋白质凝固asparagine天冬酰胺ninhydrin
11、 reaction茚三酮反应glutamic acid谷氨酸biuret reaction双缩脲反应glutamine谷氨酰胺salt precipitation盐析isoelectric point等电点electrophoresis电泳peptide bond肽键dialysis透析glutathione(GSH)谷胱甘肽chromatography层析neuropeptide神经肽gel filtration凝胶过滤conformation空间构象ultracentrifugation超速离心amino acid sequence氨基酸序列sedimentation coefficien
12、t(S)沉降系数2章purine嘌呤deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)脱氧核糖核酸pyrimidine嘧啶ribonucleic acid(RNA)核糖核酸adenine(A)腺嘌呤guanine(G)鸟嘌呤nudeotide核苷酸cytosine(C)胞嘧啶nucleoside核苷uracil(U)尿嘧啶thymine(T)胸腺嘧啶phosphodiester linkage磷酸二酯键nucleosome核小体ribosome核糖体hybridization杂交genetic code遗传密码double helix双螺旋supercoil超螺旋probe探针ribosom
13、al RNA(rRNA)核糖体RNAtransfer RNA(tRNA)转运RNAmessenger RNA(mRNA)信使RNA3章biocatalyst生物催化剂proximity effect邻近效应enzyme酶orientation arrange定向排列substrate底物multielement catalysis多元催化monomeric enzyme单体酶surface effect表面效应oligomeric enzyme寡聚酶rectangular hyperbola矩形双曲线Multienzyme system多酶体系Michaelis equation米氏方程式mu
14、ltifunctional enzyme多功能酶Michaelis constant(Km)米氏常数tandem enzyme串联酶maximum velocity(Vmax)最大反应速度simple enzyme单纯酶mover number转换数conjugated enzyme结合酶double reciprocal plot双倒数作图法apoenzyme酶蛋白optimum temperature最适温度cofactor辅助因子optimum pH最适pHholoenzyme全酶inhibitor抑制剂metalloenzyme金属酶irreversible inhibition不可逆
15、性抑制metal activated enzyme金属激活酶reversible inhibition可逆性抑制coenzyme辅酶competitive inhibition竞争性抑制prosthetic group辅基non-competitive inhibition非竞争性抑制essential group必需基团uncompetitive inhibition反竞争性抑制active center活性中心activator激活剂binding group结合基团essential activator必需激活剂catalytic group催化基团non-essential activ
16、ator非必需激活剂activation energy活化能katal(kat)催量(开特)specificity特异性zymogen酶原absolute specificity绝对特异性allosteric site变构部位relative specificity相对特异性allosteric regulation变构调节stereospecificity立体异构特异性allosteric enzyme变构酶induced-fit hypothesis诱导契合学说allosteric effector变构效应剂transition state过渡态allosteric activator变构
17、激活剂oxidoreductase氧化还原酶allosteric inhibitor变构抑制剂tmnsferase转移酶covalent modification共价修饰hydrolase水解酶inducer诱导剂lyase裂解酶corepressor辅阻遏剂isomerase异构酶lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)乳酸脱氢酶ligase合成酶creatine kinase(CK)肌酸激酶isoenzyme同工酶TaqDNA polymeraseTaqDNA聚合酶ribozyme(RNAenzyme)核酶immobilized enzyme固定化酶rate limiting
18、enzyme限速酶abzyme抗体酶enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)酶联免疫吸附测定法4章starch淀粉glucose葡萄糖glycogen糖原-amylase-淀粉酶mactose麦芽糖lactate乳酸glucose transporter(GLUT)葡萄糖转运体glycolysis糖酵解pyruvate丙酮酸glycolytic pathway酵解途径aldolase醛缩酶hexokinase己糖激酶phosphoglycerate mutase磷酸甘油酸激酶glucokinase葡萄糖激酶pyruvate kinase丙酮酸激酶eno
19、lase烯醇化酶fructose-2,6-biphosphate2,6-双磷酸果糖isocitrate异柠檬酸aerobic oxidation有氧氧化tricarboxylic acid cycle三羧酸循环citrate柠檬酸citrate synthase柠檬酸合酶isocitrate dehydrogenase异柠檬酸脱氢酶-ketoglutatrate-酮戊二酸succinyl CoA琥珀酰CoAfutile cycle无效循环fumarate hydratase延胡索酸酶substrate cycle底物循环succinate dehydrogenase琥珀酸脱氢酶malate d
20、ehydrogense苹果酸脱氢酶citrate lyase柠檬酸裂解酶Pastuer effect巴斯德效应pentose phosphate pathway磷酸戊糖途径lactonase 内酯酶hexose phosphate shunt磷酸己糖旁路transketolase转酮醇酶transaldolase转醛醇酶biotransformation生物转化glutathione谷胱甘肽glycogen synthase糖原合酶primer 糖原引物branching enzyme分支酶glycogenolysis糖原分解debranching enzyme脱支酶cascade syste
21、m级联放大系统calmodulin 钙调蛋白glycogen storage disease糖原累积症gluconeogenesis糖异生gluconeogenic pathway糖异生途径pyruvate carboxylase丙酮酸羧化酶insulin胰岛素glucagon胰高血糖素glucosuria糖尿症hyperglycemia高血糖hypoglycemia低血糖diabetes mellitus糖尿病glucose tolerance葡萄糖耐量(耐糖现象)glucose-6-phophatase葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶glycogen phosphorylase糖原磷酸化酶phospho
22、glycerate mutase磷酸甘油酸变位酶fructose biphosphatase-2果糖双磷酸酶-2triose phosphate isomerase磷酸丙糖异构酶phosphoenol pyruvate(PEP)磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸6-phosphofroctokinase-26-磷酸果糖激酶-2succinyl-CoA synthetase琥珀酰CoA合成酶glucose-6-phosphate(G-6-P)6-磷酸葡萄糖fructose-6-phosphate(F-6-P)6-磷酸果糖substrate level phsophorylation底物水平磷酸化作用Na+-dep
23、endent glucose transporter(SGLT)Na+依赖型葡萄糖转运体1,6-fructose-biphosphate(F-1,6-2P)1,6-双磷酸果糖glyceraldehyde-3-phsophate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex-酮戊二酸脱氢酶复合体uridine diphosphate glucose(UDPG)尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖UDPG pyrophophosphorylaseUDPG焦磷酸化酶cAMP-dependent protein kinase依赖cA
24、MP的蛋白激酶5章Lipids脂类Lipase脂酶mixed micelles混和微团cholesteryl esterase胆固醇脂酶colipase辅脂酶pancreatic lipase胰脂酶triglyceride甘油三酯fat脂肪fatty acid脂肪酸essential fatty acid营养必须脂肪酸non-essential fatty acid非营养必须脂肪酸arachidonic acid花生四烯酸linoleic acid亚油酸linolenic acid亚麻酸palmitic acid软脂酸stearic acid硬脂酸oleic acid油酸unsaturated
25、 fatty acid不饱和脂肪酸free fatty acid游离脂肪酸monoglyceride pathway甘油一酯通路carnitine肉碱-oxidation-氧化ketone body酮体acetoacetate乙酰乙酸acetone丙酮-hydroxybutyrate-羟丁酸citrate-pyruvate cycle柠檬酸-丙酮酸循环acetyl CoA carboxylase乙酰CoA羧化酶leukotriene白三烯prostaglandin前列腺素thromboxane血栓噁烷phosphotipid磷脂phosphatidylcholine(PC)磷脂酰胆碱(卵磷脂)
26、phosphatidylethanolamine(PE)磷脂酰乙醇胺(脑磷脂)phospholipase磷脂酶phosphatidic acid(PA)磷脂酸phosphatidyl inositol肌醇磷脂cardiolipin心磷脂ceramideN-脂酰鞘氨醇，神经酰氨sphingo lipid鞘脂sphingomyelin神经鞘磷脂cholesterol胆固醇3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylCoA3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰CoAmevalonic acid(MVA)甲羟戊酸squalene鲨烯bile acid胆汁酸chylomicron(CM)乳糜微粒lipop
27、rotein脂蛋白apolipoprotein载脂蛋白very low density lipoprotein(VLDL)极低密度脂蛋白low density lipoprotein(LDL)低密度脂蛋白high density lipoprotein(HDL)高密度脂蛋白acylcholesterol acyl transferase(ACAT)脂酰-胆固醇脂酰转移酶lecithin cholesterol aeyl transferase (LCAT)卵磷脂-胆固醇脂酰转移酶lipoprotein lipase(LPL)脂蛋白脂酶hyperlipoproteinemia高脂蛋白血症6章biological oxidation生物氧化respiratory chain呼吸链electron transport chain电子传递链oxidative phosphorylation氧化磷酸化uncoupler解偶联剂adenosine triphosphate腺嘌吟三核苷酸free energy自由能flavoprotein黄素蛋白energ
