1、届高考英语二轮复习专题讲义全程跟踪 专题十六 应用文写作2021届高考英语二轮复习专题讲义全程跟踪 专题十六 应用文写作命题规律：1.从命题形式上看，近五年高考应用文写作均采用了文字提纲的半开放命题形式，留给考生一定的自由发挥的空间。2.写作题材突出了多样化、实用性的特点，取材较为广泛、内容较为丰富，多为日常生活和一般交往所涉及的内容，而且力求融入中国元素，如申请做中国画展览的志愿者、告知英国朋友下次上汉语课的计划等。3.写作体裁主要以应用文体裁中的书信类为主，其中对邀请信、告知信的考查频率较高。命题趋势：未来高考应用文写作仍会以半开放命题形式为主，文体仍会以常考的书信、邮件、通知等为主且题材
2、的内容也会越来越贴近生活。第1讲：写作基础知识一、五大基本句型在写作中的作用句子成分构成了英语中各种各样的句子，但英语中最基本的句型只有五种，其他各种句型都是由这五种基本句型转换而来的。五种基本句型如下：1.主语+谓语本结构由“主语+不及物动词”构成，不及物动词后不能有宾语，用来表示主语的动作。主语可以有定语来修饰，谓语也可以有状语来修饰。例句：I work in a computer firm. Every day I get up early in morning. After breakfast，I go to work by bike.我在一家电脑公司工作。每天早上我都很早起床。早饭后
3、，我骑自行车去上班。练习：（1） （一些著名的中国艺术家将会表演）on that day.（2） （我们能出发）early so that well have more time to read and select books.（3）一句多译：这个训练营将于7月20号开营。a. (will do) b. (is going to do)c. (be to do)答案：(1)SomefamousChineseartistswillperform(2)Wecansetout/setoff(3)a.ThistrainingcampwillopenonJuly20thb.Thistrainingca
4、mpisgoingtoopenonJuly20thc.ThistrainingcampistoopenonJuly20th2.主语+谓语+宾语本结构由“主语+及物动词+宾语”构成，谓语动词是主语发出的动作，但是意思还不完整，后面需要跟宾语。充当宾语的有：名词、代词、从句等。例句：I took an English exam yesterday. I had prepared it for two weeks. Before I turned in the paper, I checked it carefully.昨天我参加了一场英语考试。我为此已经准备了两周。在上交试卷之前，我仔细地检查了一
5、下。练习：（1） （你可以找到一些原创诗歌）of famous poets，such as Li Bai and Du Fu.（2） （我们尤其欢迎那些文章）about how Americans spend their holidays and festivals.答案：(1)Youcanfindsomeoriginalpoems(2)Wewouldespeciallywelcomethosearticles3.主语+谓语+双宾语即“主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语”。如果把直接宾语放在间接宾语前，需要借助介词to或for。需要借助介词to的动词有：bring, give, lend, han
6、d, offer，pass，send，show，teach等。需要借助介词for的动词有：buy, cookget, make等。例句：Mr. Smith has taught us English for 3 years. Yesterday was his 50th birthday. Every one of us bought him a present and I even told him an interesting story.史密斯先生已经教我们英语三年了。咋天是他50岁生日。我们每个人都给他买了一个礼物，我甚至给他讲了一个有趣的故事。练习： （1） （它向青少年提供了一个机
7、会）to enjoy sports and learn about Chinese culture.（2）我希望这个变化不会给你造成太多的麻烦。 .（3）那的确给了我们巨大的成就感。 答案：(1)Itoffersteenagersachance(2)Ihopethechangewillnotcauseyoutoomuchtrouble.(3)Thatreallygaveusagreatsenseofachievement4.主语+系动词+表语本结构主要用来说明主语的特征、状态、类属和身份等。系动词可以分为以下几类（1）表示特征和存在状态的：be，appear，feel，look，seem，sm
8、ell, sound，taste等。（2）表示状态延续的 remain，say，keep等；（3）表示状态变化的 become，get，go，turn，grow等。例句：My English is much better than before. I feel very happy. I am very grateful for your help.我的英语比以前好多了。我感到非常高兴。我非常感激你的帮助。练习：（1）Some compromises were unavoidable, but （这个视频后来证明很完美）.（2）The Foreign Cultures section in o
9、ur newspaper （非常受欢迎）among us students.答案：（1）thevideoprovedperfect（2）isverypopular5.主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语+宾语补足语本结构中的宾语后面需要有成分对其进行补充说明，这就是宾语补足语。可以作宾补的有：形容词、副词、名词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词和过去分词。例句：The old man had a lovely daughter. He named her Lily. He made her very happy every day and wanted her to become an artist.这个老
10、人有一个可爱的女儿。他给她取名为莉莉。他每天都让她很高兴并且想让她成为一名艺术家。练习：（1）I （认为他的建议非常有用），although many people are against it.（2）你的贡献（contribution）一定会使这次活动获得巨大的成功。 （3） （我写信是为了邀请你参观）the paper-cutting exhibition.答案：（1）considerhisadvice/suggestionveryuseful（2）Yourcontributionwillcertainlymaketheeventahuge success.（3）Iamwritingtoi
11、nviteyoutovisit二、并列句在写作中的运用并列句是由并列连词连接分句而组成的句子，其基本结构是：简单句+并列连词+简单句。并列句中的分句根据逻辑关系可分为以下几种：1. 表并列或递进：常用的连词是and和 not onlybut so（不仅而且）。例句：He is not only the first Chinese to go to space, but also one of the greatest astronauts in the world.他不仅是第一个去太空的中国人，而且是世界上最伟大的航天员之一。练习：（1）If you are able to come with
12、 us, please let us know （我们将会等你）at the school gate at 9：00 in the morning.（2）I am writing to tell you something about my plan for the coming summer vacation （并且我想让你帮我一个忙）.（3）剪纸是中国的传统之一，而且我确信你会喜欢它的。 。答案：（1）andwellwaitforyou（2）andIwantyoutodomeafavor/helpme（3）Paper-cuttingisoneofChinesetraditionsandIa
13、msureyouwilllikeit.2. 表转折：常用的连词是but和yet例句：Secondly, voting of this kind does not depend on the strong points of the competitors, but rather on how many social-networking resources they have.第二，这种投票并不取决于竞争者的优势，而是取决于他们掌握了多少社交网络资源。练习：（1）Maybe the training is a bit difficult for you, （但是你可以迅速提高你的技能）thro
14、ugh it.（2）Everyone in our society should help those in need, （但是更重要的是真诚）（3）我想去博物馆，但是我的同班同学绝大部分想去野餐。 .答案：（1）butyoucanimproveyourskillsquickly（2）butitismoreimportanttobesincere（3）Iwouldlovetogotoamuseum, butmostofmyclassmateswantedtogoforapicnic.3. 表“选择”：用并列连词or，意为：否则。例句：Hurry up，or youll be late for
15、the meeting.快点，否则你开会会迟到的。练习：（1）Seize the opportunity, （否则你会后悔的）。（2）I will respect the opinion of most students, （否则我很难和他们处好关系）.答案：（1）oryouwillregretit（2）oritsdifficultformetogetalongwellwiththem4.表原因：常用的连词是for例句：He will recover soon, for he is young.他很快就会恢复，因为他年轻。练习：一句多译：他阅读有困难，因为他的视力不好。a. （for连接的并列
16、句）b. （The reason is that.）c. （Thats because.）答案：a.Hehastroublereading, forhissightispoor.b.Hehastroublereading. Thereasonisthathissightispoor.c.Hehastroublereading. Thatsbecausehissightispoor.5.表对比：常用的连词是 while例句：At school, some students are active while some are shy.在学校，有些学生很积极，而有些学生很害羞。练习：（1）Good
17、habits can contribute to high learning efficiency, （而坏习惯效果却恰恰相反）（2）Some people are fond of enjoying movies at the cinema （而有些人更喜欢在网上看电影）.答案：（1）whilebadonesleadtotheopposite（2）whilesomeprefertowatchmoviesontheInternet三、定语从句在写作中的运用在英语写作中使用复杂的句式是提高书面表达档次、增加语言亮点的主要途径之一，而定语从句就是复杂句式中的重要一项。因此，在写作中巧妙地运用定语从句
18、可为我们的文章“增光添彩”。书面表达中定语从句常用的关系词如下：1.关系代词that、which、who、whom、whose或as引导的定语从句。例句：This reminds me of my mother who has been doing whatever she can to let me have the best.这使我想起了我的妈妈，她一直竭尽全力让我拥有最好的东西。I can learn all the important things that have happened during the week.我能够了解这周内发生的所有重要的事情。As is known to
19、us all, if we are in trouble, it is not our phones but our friends that can really help us out.众所周知，当我们处于困境中时，不是我们的手机而是我们的朋友能真正帮我们摆脱困境。练习：将下列句子整合为含定语从句的复合句（1）I am Li Jin. I am chairman of the Student Union in Chenguang Middle School. .（2）Team members are often offered opportunities to watch table te
20、nnis competitions. It will benefit them a lot. .（3）Material collecting took us a whole week. During it we interviewed our teachers and took pictures of every aspect of school life. .（4）I am grateful to Mr. White. Without his help I couldnt have made so much progress in my English study. .用定语从句补全或翻译下
21、列句子（5）Finally，we took pictures with the old craftsman and the dough figurines （我们制作的）.（6）This summer I intend to take up a part-time job in a foreign company, （借助它我想开阔我的视野）and gain some working experience.（7） （如图所示），the box-office income of Chinese films increased constantly from 2012 to 2015，but it
22、s growth slowed down in 2016.（8）任何感兴趣的学生都欢迎参加。 .（9）去年我参加了在北京举行的夏令营，这不仅开阔了我的视野，也提高了我的英语口语水平。 .答案：(1) IamLiJinwho/thatischairmanoftheStudentUnioninChenguangMiddleSchool.(2)Teammembersareoftenofferedopportunitiestowatchtabletenniscompetitions,whichwillbenefitthema lot.(3)Materialcollectingtookusawholew
23、eek,duringwhichweinterviewedourteachersandtookpicturesofeveryaspectofschoollife.(4)IamgratefultoMr.White,withoutwhosehelpIcouldnthavemadesomuchprogressinmyEnglish(5)that/whichwemade(6)throughwhichIwouldliketobroadenmyhorizons(7)Asisshowninthegraph(8)Anystudentwhoisinterestediswelcometoparticipate.(9
24、)Lastyear,IjoinedthesummercampinBeijing,whichnotonlybroadenedmyhorizonsbutalsoimprovedmyoralEnglish.2.关系副词where, why和when引导的定语从句。例句：The picture shows us a touching moment when a little girl comes to greet her mom.这张图片向我们展示了一个感人的时刻，一个小女孩过来迎接她的妈妈。练习：用定语从句补全或翻译下列句子（1）I will join the Dragon Boat Trainin
25、g Camp （在那儿我可以参加各种活动）.（2）学校已经创造了一种可以让我们自由发展自己的爱好的氛围。 .答案：(1)whereIcantakepartinvariouskindsofactivities(2)Theschoolhascreatedanatmospherewherewecandevelopourowninterestsfreely.四、名词性从句在写作中的应用名词性从句包括宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句和同位语从句。在写作中我们可以巧用名词性从句来为我们的文章“锦上添花”。1.主语从句在写作中的应用例句：What I want to stress is that you sho
26、uld make it a rule to practice speaking Mandarin.我想强调的是你应该养成练习说普通话的习惯。练习：用主语从句补全或翻译下列句子（1） （给我印象最深的）is his famous saying，Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration（2）我们想做的第一件事是和老人们一起包饺子。 （3）我想推荐你旅游的地方是泰山。 答案：（1）Whatimpressesmemost（2）Whatwewanttodofirstistomakedumplingswit
27、hthe elderlypeople（3）WhatIwanttorecommendyoutovisitisMountTai.2. 宾语从句在写作中的应用例句：I learned from your post that you want to improve your Mandarin.我从你的邮件得知你想提高你的普通话水平。（1）I dont even know （是否有事）to pay attention to.（2）I have been told （我们校队正在招收新队员）.（3）一句多译：我知道我是如何取得成功的。a. (success)b. (succeed）c. （successf
28、ul）d. (make it）答案：（1）ifthereissomething（2）thatourschoolteamisrecruitingnewmembers（3）a.IknowhowIbecameasuccess/achievedmy successb. IknowhowIsucceededc. IknowhowIbecamesuccessd.IknowhowImadeit.3. 表语从句在写作中的应用例句：From him，I realize the secret to success is not where you were born，but what you are doing
29、in your life.从他身上，我意识到成功的秘诀不在于你生于何处，而在于在生活中你在做什么。练习：（1）The main reason for my choice （我倾向于牺牲自己的利益）for the groups benefit.（2）将下面的两个句子整合为含有定语从句和表语从句的复合句Yang Liwei has made great contributions to the development of China, I want to interview him for this reason. （3）那就是我认为长江之旅会是一个更好的选择的原因。 答案：（1）thatItendtosacrificemyowninterest（2）ThereasonwhyIwanttointerviewYangLiweiisthat hehasmadegreatcontributionstothedevelopmentof China.（3）ThatiswhyIthinkthetripalongtheYangtzeRiverwillbeabetterchoice.4. 同位语从句在写作中的应用例句：There is no denying the fact that the environment is getting polluted more and
