1、朗文英语 阅读翻译英语语言的历史A short history of the origins and development of English一个英语的起源和发展的历史很短The history of the English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD.英语的历史真正开始与三个日耳曼部落，在公元5世纪，英国入侵的到来。 These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons an
2、d the Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany.这些部落的角度，撒克逊和朱特人，越过北海，从什么是今天丹麦和德国北部。 At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language.当时英国的居民讲凯尔特语。 But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders - mainly into what is now Wa
3、les, Scotland and Ireland.但大多数的凯尔特扬声器推侵略者西面和北面 - 主要分为什么是现在的威尔士，苏格兰和爱尔兰。 The Angles came from Englaland and their language was called Englisc - from which the words England and English are derived.的角度来自Englaland和他们的语言被称为Englisc - 从英国和英语的话是派生的。Germanic invaders entered Britain on the east and south co
4、asts in the 5th century. 东部和南部海岸，在5世纪日耳曼入侵者进入英国 。Old English (450-1100 AD)古英语（450-1100 AD）Part of Beowulf , a poem written in Old English. 部分武夫 ，在古英语写了一首诗。The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages, which in Britain developed into what we now call Old English.入侵的日耳曼部落，说着相似的语言，在英国，我们现在所谓的古英
5、语。 Old English did not sound or look like English today.古英语没声音，或喜欢英语，看看今天。 Native English speakers now would have great difficulty understanding Old English.以英语为母语的了解古英语有很大的难度。 Nevertheless, about half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots.然而，大约一半在现代英语中最常用词有古英语的根源。
6、 The words be , strong and water , for example, derive from Old English. 的言语， 强和水 ，例如，从老英语派生。 Old English was spoken until around 1100.古英语口语，直到1100左右。Middle English (1100-1500)中古英语（1100-1500）An example of Middle English by Chaucer. 由乔叟例如中古英语。In 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy (part
7、of modern France), invaded and conquered England. 1066年征服者威廉，诺曼底公爵（现代法国的一部分），侵略和征服英格兰。 The new conquerors (called the Normans) brought with them a kind of French, which became the language of the Royal Court, and the ruling and business classes.新的征服者（称为诺曼）带着一种法国，成为皇家法院的语言，执政党和业务类。 For a period there
8、 was a kind of linguistic class division, where the lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French.对于一个时期有一个语言类划分，低下阶层的讲英语和上层阶级说法语。 In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added.英国在14世纪成为主导又在英国，但添加了许多法语单词。 This language is called Middl
9、e English.这种语言被称为中世纪英语。 It was the language of the great poet Chaucer (c1340-1400), but it would still be difficult for native English speakers to understand today.这是伟大的诗人乔叟（c1340 - 1400）的语言，但它仍然是难以为以英语为母语的了解今天。Modern English现代英语Early Modern English (1500-1800)早期现代英语（1500-1800）Hamlets famous To be,
10、or not to be lines, written in Early Modern English by Shakespeare. 哈姆雷特的著名的“，或不被”线，在早期现代英语的书面莎士比亚 。Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and distinct change in pronunciation (the Great Vowel Shift) started, with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter.迈向中东英语年底，在发音突然明显变化（大元音转变）开始，与元音被显着短。
11、From the 16th century the British had contact with many peoples from around the world.从16世纪，英国有来自世界各地的许多国家的人民的联系。 This, and the Renaissance of Classical learning, meant that many new words and phrases entered the language.这和文艺复兴时期的古典学习，意味着许多新的单词和短语输入语言。 The invention of printing also meant that ther
12、e was now a common language in print.印刷术的发明，也意味着在打印，现在有一个共同的语言。 Books became cheaper and more people learned to read.书籍变得更便宜，更多的人学会了阅读。 Printing also brought standardization to English.印刷也带来了标准化为英语。 Spelling and grammar became fixed, and the dialect of London, where most publishing houses were, beca
13、me the standard.成为固定的拼写和语法，和伦敦的方言，其中大部分出版社，成为了标准。 In 1604 the first English dictionary was published.在1604年发表的第一个英文字典。Late Modern English (1800-Present)晚期现代英语（1800年至今）The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary.早期现代英语和现代英语后期之间的主要区别在于词汇。 Late Modern English
14、has many more words, arising from two principal factors: firstly, the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words; secondly, the British Empire at its height covered one quarter of the earths surface, and the English language adopted foreign words from many countries.后期现代英语有更多的
15、字，从两个主要因素引起的：首先，在工业革命和技术创造新词的需要;其次，在它的高度英国帝国覆盖地球表面的四分之一，和英语通过外国从许多国家的话。Varieties of English英语品种From around 1600, the English colonization of North America resulted in the creation of a distinct American variety of English.从1600左右，北美的英国殖民统治，创建一个独特的美国英语品种。 Some English pronunciations and words froze w
16、hen they reached America.一些英语发音和单词“冻结”，当他们到达美国。 In some ways, American English is more like the English of Shakespeare than modern British English is.在某些方面，美国英语更像是莎士比亚比现代英式英语是英语。 Some expressions that the British call Americanisms are in fact original British expressions that were preserved in the c
17、olonies while lost for a time in Britain (for example trash for rubbish, loan as a verb instead of lend, and fall for autumn; another example, frame-up , was re-imported into Britain through Hollywood gangster movies).一些表达式，英国称之为“Americanisms”其实是原，而失去在英国的时间（例如垃圾，贷款作为一个动词，而不是放贷， 秋季下降垃圾被保存在殖民地的英国表达式;另
18、一个例子帧，重新进口好莱坞黑帮电影进入英国）。 Spanish also had an influence on American English (and subsequently British English), with words like canyon , ranch , stampede and vigilante being examples of Spanish words that entered English through the settlement of the American West.西班牙也有一个美国英语（以及后来的英式英语）的影响，峡谷， 牧场 ， 踩踏
19、和治安维持会通过解决美国西部进入英语的西班牙语单词的例子的话。 French words (through Louisiana) and West African words (through the slave trade) also influenced American English (and so, to an extent, British English).法语单词（通过路易斯安那州）和西非的话（通过奴隶贸易），也影响了美国英语（因此，在一定程度上，英式英语）。Today, American English is particularly influential, due to
20、the USAs dominance of cinema, television, popular music, trade and technology (including the Internet).今天，美国英语尤其是有影响力的的，由于美国的电影，电视，流行音乐，贸易和技术（包括互联网）中的霸主地位。 But there are many other varieties of English around the world, including for example Australian English, New Zealand English, Canadian English,
21、 South African English, Indian English and Caribbean English.但也有世界各地的英语等多个品种，例如包括加拿大英语，澳大利亚英语，新西兰英语，南非英语，印度英语和加勒比英语。The Germanic Family of Languages 日耳曼家庭的语言 日耳曼语言构成一个支行的印欧 （IE）的语族 。 The common ancestor of all of the languages in this branch is calledProto-Germanic (also known as Common Germanic), w
22、hich was spoken in approximately the mid-1st millennium BC inIron Age northern Europe .所有的语言在这个分支的共同祖先被称为原日耳曼（又称共同日耳曼大约中期公元前1000年），这是在铁器时代的欧洲北部发言。 Proto-Germanic, along with all of its descendants, is characterized by a number of unique linguistic features, most famously the consonant change known a
23、s Grimms law .原日耳曼连同其所有后代，是一个独特的语言功能，其中最为著名的数称为格林定律 的辅音变化的特点。 Early varieties of Germanic enter history with the Germanic peoples moving south from northern Europe in the 2nd century BC, to settle in north-central Europe.早熟品种的日耳曼进入历史，日耳曼民族从南北方欧洲在公元前2世纪，定居在欧洲北部和中部。凯尔特人的边界的文明、北地区未来的罗马帝国。 English is a
24、member of the Germanic family of languages.日耳曼最广泛使用的语言是英语和德语 ，约300-400万12和超过100万3分别为母语。 The group includes other major languages, such as Dutch with 23 million 4 andAfrikaans with over 6 million native speakers; 5 and the North Germanic languages including Norwegian , Danish ,Swedish , Icelandic , a
25、nd Faroese with a combined total of about 20 million speakers. 6 The SIL Ethnologue lists 53 different Germanic languages.该集团包括其他主要语言，如荷兰 2300万4和南非语与母语超过600万; 5和北日耳曼语言 ， 包括挪威，丹麦，瑞典，冰岛和法罗群岛约合计20万的扬声器。6 南港岛线的民族语言列出了53个不同的日耳曼语言。A brief chronology of English一个英语的简要年表55 BC 55公元前Roman invasion of Britain
26、by Julius Caesar.罗马人入侵英国的凯撒大帝。Local inhabitants speak Celtish当地居民讲CeltishAD 43公元43Roman invasion and occupation.罗马人入侵和占领。 Beginning of Roman rule of Britain.从罗马人统治英国。436 436Roman withdrawal from Britain complete.罗马从英国撤军完成。449 449Settlement of Britain by Germanic invaders begins英国定居日耳曼入侵者开始450-480 45
27、0-480Earliest known Old English inscriptions.已知最早的古英文铭文。Old English古英语1066 1066William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, invades and conquers England.征服者威廉，诺曼底公爵，入侵并征服了英格兰。c1150 c1150Earliest surviving manuscripts in Middle English.现存最早的手稿在中古英语。Middle English中古英语1348 1348English replaces Latin as the
28、 language of instruction in most schools.英语取代拉美大部分学校的教学语言。1362 1362English replaces French as the language of law.英语取代法语作为法律语言。 English is used in Parliament for the first time.在议会首次使用英语。c1388 c1388Chaucer starts writing The Canterbury Tales .乔叟开始写作“坎特伯雷故事集。c1400 C1400The Great Vowel Shift begins.大元
29、音转变开始。1476 1476William Caxton establishes the first English printing press.卡克斯顿威廉建立的第一个英文印刷机。Early Modern English早期现代英语1564 1564Shakespeare is born.莎士比亚出生。1604 1604Table Alphabeticall , the first English dictionary, is published. 表Alphabeticall，第一个英文字典，是出版。1607 1607The first permanent English settle
30、ment in the New World (Jamestown) is established.建立第一个永久解决在新的世界英语（詹姆斯敦）。1616 1616Shakespeare dies.莎士比亚去世。1623 1623Shakespeares First Folio is published莎士比亚第一对开本出版1702 1702The first daily English-language newspaper, The Daily Courant , is published in London.每天第一个英文报纸，“每日新闻报，是在伦敦出版。1755 1755Samuel Jo
31、hnson publishes his English dictionary.塞缪尔约翰逊发表了他的英语词典。1776 1776Thomas Jefferson writes the American Declaration of Independence.托马斯杰斐逊写道，美国独立宣言。1782 1782Britain abandons its American colonies.英国放弃其在美国的殖民地。1828 1828Webster publishes his American English dictionary.韦伯斯特出版他的美式英语词典。Late Modern English晚
32、期现代英语1922 1922年The British Broadcasting Corporation is founded.英国广播公司成立。1928 1928年The Oxford English Dictionary is published. 牛津英语词典出版。 如果你是40年前阅读本杂志的一个女人，很有可能买这本杂志的钱是你的丈夫提供的。而且你也会和他一样进行选举。如果你得了乳腺癌，医院可能会要求他签署乳房切除术知情同意书。你的儿子会去大学读书，而你的女儿却不行。如果你有一份工作的话你得到的报酬也会低，你的老板还会跟你解释说你只是挣点零花钱而已。有趣的是，在我们意识到这已经完全改变了之前这些事情改变的是多么的缓慢。据估计，到今年年底美国大多数的工作人员将会是女人主要是由于经济下滑把男性打击的太严重了。这是一代人里面非常了不起的转变，而且它还正在加速：据劳工统计局的数据显示，增长前景最好的工作都是在偏女性化的工作里面，像护理、零售以及客户服务业。越来越多地女人承担起养家糊口的重任（40%），或者是为家庭收入底线提供重要的一部分。她们的购买力得到了空前
