1、牛津高中英语语法复习模块34牛津高中英语语法复习（模块3-4）名词性从句名词性从句相当于名词,可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此,名词性从句厅分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。(一引导名词性从句的连接词1、连接代词:who,whose,whom,what,which。有词义,在从句中担任成分,如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等。2、连接副词:when,where,why,how。有词义,在从句中担任成分,作状语。3、连接词:that,whether,if,as if。that无词义,在从句中不担任成分,有时可省略;if(whether,as if虽有词义,但在从句中不担任成分。注
2、意:连接代词与连接副词在句中不再是疑问句,因而从句中谓语不用疑问式。连接代词与连接副词在从句充当句子成分,连接词whether和if(是否,as if(好象在从句中不充当句子成分,只起连接作用。根据句义,如果连接代词与连接副词,whether、if和as if都用不上时,才用that作连接词(that本身无任何含义。(二主语从句1、主语从句在复合句作主语。e.g.Who will go is not important.2、用it作形式主语,主语从句放在句末。e.g.It doesnt matter so much whether you will come or not.3、that引导主语
3、从句时,不能省略。e.g.That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.(三表语从句1、表语从句在复合句中作表语,位于系动词之后。e.g.The question was who could go there.2、引导表语从句的连接词that有时可省去。e.g.My idea is(that we can get more comrades to help in the work.(四宾语从句1、宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。引导宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。e.g.I hope(that everything is all rig
4、ht.2、介词之后的宾语从句,不可用which或if连接,要分别用what或whether。e.g.Im interested in whether youve finished the work.Im interested in what youve said.3、whether与if都可以引导宾语从句,常可互换。但下面情况不能互换。宾语从句是否定句时,只用if,不用whether。e.g.I wonder if it doesnt rain.用if会引起误解,就要用whether。e.g.Please let me know whether you want to go.(此句如果把whe
5、ther改成if,容易当成条件句理解宾语从句中的whether与or not直接连用,就不能换成if;不直接连用,可换。e.g.I dont know whether or not the report is true.I dont know whether/if the report is true or not.介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导。whether可与不定式连用。whether也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句,还可引导让步状语从句,以上均不能换成if。但引导条件从句时,只能用if,而不能用whether。e.g.It depends on whether we ha
6、ve enough time.They dont know whether to go there.Please come to see me if you have time.(五同位语从句同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语,一般位于该名词(如:news,fact,idea,suggestion,promise等之后,说明该名词的具体内容。e.g.I have no idea when he will be back.The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.练习:1.The fact_she works hard
7、is well known to us all.A.thatB.whatC.whyD.which2.The fact_he was successful proves his ability.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.why3.The news_he was kidnapped surprised us greatly.A.whatB.thatC.whyD.when4.His suggestion_the meeting be delayed was turned down.A.whichB.thatC./D.it5.I have no idea_he will start.A
8、.whenB.thatC.whatD./6.Ive come from the government with a message_the meeting wont be held tomorrow.A.ifB.thatC.whetherD.which7.The thought_he might fail in the exam worried him.A.whenB.whichC.whatD.that8.The order_the prisoner be set free arrived too late.A.whichB.whetherC.thatD.what9.The nurses ar
9、e trying their best to reduce the patients fear_he would die of the disease.A.thatB.asC.of whichD.which10.He often asked me the question_the work was worth doing.A.whetherB.whereC.thatD.when11.Along with the letter was his promise_he would visit me this coming Christmas.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.whether1
10、2.The other day,my brother drove his car down the street at_I thought was a dangerous speed.A.asB.whichC.whatD.that13.Luckily,wed brought a road map without_we would have lost our way.A.itB.thatC.thisD.which14.There are signs_restaurants are becoming more popular with families.A.thatB.whichC.in whic
11、hD.whose15.We can see the same signs_stand out throughout the city.A.thatB.whichC.in whichD.whoseKeys:1-5 AABBA 6-10 BDCAA 11-15 BBDAA主谓一致在英语句子里,谓语受主语支配,其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致,这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律,大致可归纳为三个原则,即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。(一语法一致原则:语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式;主语为复
12、数时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:His father is working on the farm./To study English well is not easy./What he said is very important for us all./The children were in the classroom two hours ago./Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.注意:由what引导的主语从句,后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式,但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时,主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如:What
13、 I bought were three English books./What I say and do is(are helpful to you.2、由连接词and或bothand连接起来的合成主语后面,要用复数形式的谓语动词。如:Lucy and Lily are twins./She and I are classmates./The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news./Both she and he are Young Pioneers.注意:若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时,它后面的谓语动词就
14、应用单数形式。如:The writer and artist has come.;/由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no,each,every more than a(an,many a(an修饰时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。如:Every student and every teacher was in the room./No boy and no girl likes it.3、主语为单数名词或代词,尽管后面跟有with,together with,except,but,like,as well as,rather than,more than,no less than,beside
15、s,including等引起的短语,谓语动词仍用单数形式;若主语为复数,谓语用复数形式。如:Mr Green,together with his wife and children,has come to China./Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground./She,like you and Tom,is very tall.4、either,neither,each,every或no+单数名词和由some,any,no,every构成的复合不定代词,都作单数看待。如:Each of us has a new book./Everythin
16、g around us is matter.注意:在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词(或代词”作主语时,其谓语动词也可用复数。如:Neither of the texts is(are interesting.若none of后面的名词是不可数名词,它的谓语动词就要用单数;若它后面的名词是复数,它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如:None of us has(have been to America.5、在定语从句时,关系代词that,who,which等作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如:He is one of my friends who are
17、 working hard./He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.6、如果集体名词指的是整个集体,它的谓语动词用单数;如果它指集体的成员,其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family,class,crowd,committee,population,audience等。如:Class Four is on the third floor./Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.注意:people,police,cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如:The police a
18、re looking for the lost child.7、由“a lot of,lots of,plenty of,the rest of,the majority of+名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语,其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如:There are a lot of people in the classroom./The rest of the lecture is wonderful./50%of the students in our class are girls.注意:a number of“许多”,作定语修饰复数名词,谓语用
19、复数;the number of“的数量”,主语是number,谓语用单数。8、在倒装句中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如:There comes the bus./On the wall are many pictures./Such is the result./Such are the facts.(二逻辑意义一致原则:逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致(因有时主语形式为单数,但意义为复数;有时形式为复数,但意义为单数。1、what,who,which,any,more,all等代词可以是单数,也可是复数,主要靠意思来决定。如:Which is your bag?/Wh
20、ich are your bags?/All is going well./All have gone to Beijing.2、表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时,谓语动词通常用单数形式,这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体,如:Thirty minutes is enough for the work.3、若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式,其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如:The Arabian Nightsis an interesting story-book.4、表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时,其谓语动词可用单数
21、形式(也可用复数。如:One and a half apples is(are left on the table.5、算式中表示数目(字的主语通常作单数看待,其谓语动词采用单数形式。如:Twelve plus eight is twenty./Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.6、一些学科名词是以ics结尾,如:mathematics,politics,physics以及news,works等,都属于形式上是复数的名词,实际意义为单数名词,它们作主语时,其谓语动词要用单数形式。如:The paper works was built in 1990./I
22、think physics isnt easy to study.7、trousers,glasses,clothes,shoes,等词作主语时,谓语用复数,但如果这些名词前有a(the pair of等量词修饰时,谓语动词用单数。如:My glasses are broken./The pair of shoes under the bed is his.8、“定冠词the+形容词或分词”,表示某一类人时,动词用复数。(三就近一致原则:在英语句子中,有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。1、当两个主语由eitheror,neithernor,whetheror,not onlybut
23、also连接时,谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如:Either the teacher or the students are our friends./Neither they nor he is wholly right./Is neither he nor they wholly right?2、there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语,则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如:There are two chairs and a desk in the room.注意:Here引导的句子用法同上。练习:1.I,who_your friend,will t
24、ry my best to help you with your English.A.amB.isC.areD.be2.The rich_not always happy.A.areB.isC.hasD.have3.Neither Tom nor Jack and I_his students.A.areB.amC.isD.was4.Mary as well as her sisters_Chinese in China.A.are studyingB.have studiedC.studiesD.study5.Neither my father nor I_at home.A.amB.isC
25、.areD.be6.Not only my brother but also I_good at painting.Both of us_good painters.,A.are;areB.am;amC.ani;areD.is;is7.Everyboy and every girl_to attend the evening party.A.wishB.wishesC.is likeD.like8.Over 80 percent of the population of China_peasants.A.wasB.isC.would beD.are9.The population of Chi
26、na_larger than that of.any other country in the world.A.isB.areC.hasD.have10.Every means_tried but without any result.A.have beenB.is to beC.are to beD.has been11.Alice,together with two boys,_for having broken the rule.A.was punishedB.punishedC.were punishedD.being punished12.The League secretary a
27、nd the monitor_asked to attend the.meeting this afternoon.A.isB.wasC.areD.is being13.The great writer and professor_.A.is an old manB.are both old menC.is an old man and a young manD.were two Chinese14.There_a pen,two pencils and three books on the desk.A.areB.isC.hasD.have15.A large number of stude
28、nts in our class_girls.A.areB.wasC.isD.be16.The number of deer,mountain lions and wild roses_much if people leave things as they are.A.doesnt changeB.dont changeC.changeD.changed17.The Arabian Nights_well known to the English.A.isB.areC.wasD.were18.Chairman Maos works_published.A.has beenB.have been
29、C.wasD.is19.A chemical works_built there.A.is to beingB.have beenC.were toD.has been20.The Olympic Games_held every_years.A.is;fourB.are;fourC.is;fiveD.are;five21.The United States of America one of the most developed countries in the world.A.isB.areC.wasD.were22.He is the only one of die students w
30、ho_elected.A.areB.haveC.hasD.is23.Theis is one of the most interesting questions that_asked.A.haveB.hasC.have beenD.has been24.Many a man_come to help us.A.haveB.hasC.isD.are25.All_present and all_going on well,our monitor said.A.is;isB.are;areC.are;isD.is;are26.The police_the murderer everywhere when he suddenly appeared in a theatre.A.is searching forB.were searching forC.are searching forD.were searching27.Your trousers_dirty.You must have_washed.A.is;ilB.are;itC.are;themD.is;them28.This pair of trouseis_too long for him.A.isB.beC.are
