1、质量管理常用英语汇总英文版A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Quirky Quality Dictionary AAcademic Quality Improvement Project (AQIP): A forum for institutions to review each others action projects. Acceptable quality level (AQL): In a continuing series of lots, a quality level that, for the purpo
2、se of sampling inspection, is the limit of satisfactory process average. Acceptance number: The maximum number of defects or defectives allowable in a sampling lot for the lot to be acceptable. Acceptance sampling: Inspection of a sample from a lot to decide whether to accept that lot. There are two
3、 types: attributes sampling and variables sampling. In attributes sampling, the presence or absence of a characteristic is noted in each of the units inspected. In variables sampling, the numerical magnitude of a characteristic is measured and recorded for each inspected unit; this involves referenc
4、e to a continuous scale of some kind. Acceptance sampling plan: A specific plan that indicates the sampling sizes and associated acceptance or nonacceptance criteria to be used. In attributes sampling, for example, there are single, double, multiple, sequential, chain and skip-lot sampling plans. In
5、 variables sampling, there are single, double and sequential sampling plans. (For detailed descriptions of these plans, see the standard ANSI/ISO/ASQ A3534-2, StatisticsVocabulary and SymbolsStatistical Quality Control.) Accreditation: Certification by a duly recognized body of the facilities, capab
6、ility, objectivity, competence and integrity of an agency, service, or operational group or individual to provide the specific service or operation needed. Accuracy: The characteristic of a measurement that tells how close an observed value is to a true value. Action plan: A specific method or proce
7、ss to achieve the results called for by one or more objectives. May be a simpler version of a project plan. Activity network diagram: An arrow diagram used in planning and managing processes and projects. Advanced Product Quality Planning (APQP): Segment of QS-9000 process that uses tools to offer t
8、he opportunity to get ahead of problems and solve them before the problems affect the customer. Affinity diagram: A management tool used to organize information (usually gathered during a brainstorming activity). Alignment: The actions taken to ensure a process or activity supports the organizations
9、 strategy, goals and objectives. American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA): An organization that formally recognizes another organizations competency to perform specific tests, types of tests or calibrations. American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI): Released for the first time in
10、October 1994, an economic indicator and cross industry measure of the satisfaction of U.S. household customers with the quality of the goods and services available to themboth those goods and services produced within the United States and those provided as imports from foreign firms that have substa
11、ntial market shares or dollar sales. The ACSI is co-sponsored by the University of Michigan Business School, ASQ and the CFI Group. American National Standards Institute (ANSI): ANSI is a private, nonprofit organization that administers and coordinates the U.S. voluntary standardization and conformi
12、ty assessment system. It is the United States member body in the International Organization for Standardization, known as ISO. American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT): The worlds largest technical society for nondestructive testing (NDT) professionals. American Society for Quality (ASQ):
13、A professional, not-for-profit association that develops, promotes and applies quality related information and technology for the private sector, government and academia. The Society serves more than 108,000 individuals and 1,100 corporate members in the United States and 108 other countries. Americ
14、an Society for Quality Control (ASQC): Name of the Society from 1946 through the middle of 1997; then changed to ASQ. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM): Not-for-profit organization that provides a forum for the development and publication of voluntary consensus standards for material
15、s, products, systems and services. American Society for Training and Development (ASTD): A membership organization providing materials, education and support related to workplace learning and performance. American standard code for information interchange (ASCII): Basic computer characters accepted
16、by all American machines and many foreign ones. Analysis of means (ANOM): A statistical procedure for troubleshooting industrial processes and analyzing the results of experimental designs with factors at fixed levels. It provides a graphical display of data. Ellis R. Ott developed the procedure in
17、1967 because he observed that nonstatisticians had difficulty understanding analysis of variance. Analysis of means is easier for quality practitioners to use because it is an extension of the control chart. In 1973, Edward G. Schilling further extended the concept, enabling analysis of means to be
18、used with non-normal distributions and attributes data where the normal approximation to the binomial distribution does not apply. This is referred to as analysis of means for treatment effects. Analysis of variance (ANOVA): A basic statistical technique for analyzing experimental data. It subdivide
19、s the total variation of a data set into meaningful component parts associated with specific sources of variation in order to test a hypothesis on the parameters of the model or to estimate variance components. There are three models: fixed, random and mixed. Appraisal cost: The cost involved in ens
20、uring an organization is continually striving to conform to customers quality requirements. Arrow diagram: A planning tool to diagram a sequence of events or activities (nodes) and the interconnectivity of such nodes. It is used for scheduling and especially for determining the critical path through
21、 nodes. AS9100: An international quality management standard for the aerospace industry published by the Society of Automotive Engineers; also published by other organizations worldwide, as EN9100 in Europe and JIS Q 9100 in Japan. The standard is controlled by the International Aerospace Quality Gr
22、oup (see listing). Assessment: A systematic process of collecting and analyzing data to determine the current, historical or projected status of an organization. Assignable cause: A name for the source of variation in a process that is not due to chance and therefore can be identified and eliminated
23、. Also called special cause. Association for Quality and Participation (AQP): Affiliate organization of the American Society for Quality (ASQ) dedicated to improving workplaces through quality and participation practices. Attribute data: Go/no-go information. The control charts based on attribute da
24、ta include percent chart, number of affected units chart, count chart, count per unit chart, quality score chart and demerit chart. Attributes, method of: Measurement of quality by the method of attributes consists of noting the presence (or absence) of some characteristic (attribute) in each of the
25、 units under consideration and counting how many units do (or do not) possess it. Example: go/no-go gauging of a dimension. Audit: The inspection and examination of a process or quality system to ensure compliance to requirements. An audit can apply to an entire organization or may be specific to a
26、function, process or production step. Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG): The originator and sole source of the QS-9000 series of standards. ASQs Automotive Division maintains a liaison to this group. Availability: The ability of a product to be in a state to perform its designated function und
27、er stated conditions at a given time. Average chart: A control chart in which the subgroup average, X-bar, is used to evaluate the stability of the process level. Average outgoing quality (AOQ): The expected average quality level of outgoing product for a given value of incoming product quality. Ave
28、rage outgoing quality limit (AOQL): The maximum average outgoing quality over all possible levels of incoming quality for a given acceptance sampling plan and disposal specification. Average run lengths (ARL): On a control chart, the number of subgroups expected to be inspected before a shift in mag
29、nitude takes place. Average sample number (ASN): The average number of sample units inspected per lot in reaching decisions to accept or reject. Average total inspection (ATI): The average number of units inspected per lot, including all units in rejected lots (applicable when the procedure calls fo
30、r 100% inspection of rejected lots). Return to topBBaldrige Award: See Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award. Baseline measurement: The beginning point, based on an evaluation of the output over a period of time, used to determine the process parameters prior to any improvement effort; the basis a
31、gainst which change is measured. Benchmarking: An improvement process in which a company measures its performance against that of best in class companies, determines how those companies achieved their performance levels and uses the information to improve its own performance. The subjects that can b
32、e benchmarked include strategies, operations, processes and procedures. Benefit-cost analysis: An examination of the relationship between the monetary cost of implementing an improvement and the monetary value of the benefits achieved by the improvement, both within the same time period. Best practice: A superior method or innovative practice that contributes to the improved performance of an organization, usually recognized as best by other peer organizations. Big Q, Little Q: A term used to contrast the difference between managing for quality in all business processes and pro
