1、物流词汇国际航空运输组织一、国际民用航空组织(International Civil Aviation Organization, ICAO，http:/www.icao.org/ ) 国际民用航空组织于1947年4月4日成立，是联合国所属专门机构之一，也是政府间的国际航空机构。它的总部设在加拿大的蒙特利尔，现有成员国150多个。其宗旨是根据安全和有秩序的方式发展，使国际航运业务建立在机会均等的基础上，并予以完善和经济的经营。其常设领导机构是理事会，由大会选出的成员国组成。我国是该组织的成员国，也是理事国之一。 为了发展国际民航事业，国际民航组织曾做了下列各项工作： 1、建立各国和平交换空中通
2、过权。 2、简化飞机进出的海关、移民局和检疫所的手续。 3、规定各机场的导航、通讯、气象、情报等设备以及空中交通管制系统。 4、编印15种国际民航语言。 5、鼓励各国改进飞机的性能。 6、在联运、票价、表格和单据统一等方面，也做了一些工作。 二、国际航空运输协会（International Air Transport Association, IATA，http:/www.iata.org/ ) 国际航空运输协会是各国航空运输企业之间的联合组织，会员必须是国际民用航空组织成员国的空运企业。 三、国际货物发运人协会（The International Federation of Freight
3、Forwarders Association, FIATA） 成立于1926年。它的会员不仅限于货运代理企业，还包括海关、船舶代理、空运代理、仓库业和汽车运输业等，因为这些部门都是国际运输的一部分。现在FIATA已有50多个正式会员和1000个以上的联系会员，它的业务活动遍及世界上125个国家的从事运输工作的3500个公司。它本身不是一个营利性质的组织，它的任务是协助各国的货运代理组织和同行业联合起来，在各种国际会议中代表货物发运人的利益。 FIATA下设十个技术委员会，其中之一为航空学会。它的主要任务是促进和维护货运代理在航空货运方面的利益以及协调在世界范围内各国货运代理协会的活动。空运管理
4、术语解释Acronym MeaningAARAirport Acceptance Rate or Airport Arrival Rate. The number of arrivals an airport is capable of accepting each hour.AC or A/CAircraftADZYAdvisory ARPTAirportARSRAir Route Surveillance Radar.Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) radar used primarily to detect and display an
5、aircrafts position while en route between terminal areas. The ARSR enables controllers to provide radar air traffic control service when aircraft are within the ARSR coverage. In some instances, ARSR may enable an ARTCC to provide terminal radar services similar to but usually more limited than thos
6、e provided by a radar approach control.ARTCCAir Route Traffic Control Center. A facility established to provide air traffic control service to aircraft operating on IFR flight plans within controlled airspace and principally during the en route phase of flight. When equipment capabilities and contro
7、ller workload permit, certain advisory/assistance services may be provided to VFR aircraft. There are 20 ARTCCs in the continental U.S.ASRAirport Surveillance Radar. Approach control radar used to detect and display an aircrafts position in the terminal area. ASR provides range and azimuth informati
8、on but does not provide elevation data. Coverage of the ASR can extend up to 60 miles.ATCAir Traffic Control. A service operated by appropriate authority to promote the safe, orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic.ATCSCCAir Traffic Control System Command Center ATCTAirport Traffic Control Tower
9、. A terminal facility that uses air/ground communications, visual signaling, and other devices to provide ATC services to aircraft operating in the vicinity of an airport or on the movement area. Authorizes aircraft to land or takeoff at the airport controlled by the tower or to transit the Class D
10、airspace area regardless of flight plan or weather conditions (IFR or VFR). A tower may also provide approach control services (radar or nonradar).CDMCollaborative Decision Making. Cooperative effort between the various components of aviation transportation, both government and industry, to exchange
11、 information for better decision making.CDRCoded Departure Routes. Predefined routes used to route air traffic around areas of severe weather.CIGSCeilings. The height above the ground of the base of the lowest layer of clouds when over half of the sky is obscured. CLSD Closed EDCTExpect Departure Cl
12、earance Time. Time issued to a flight to indicate when it can expect to receive departure clearance. EDCTs are issued as part of Traffic Management Programs, such as a Ground Delay Program (GDP).EMERG Emergency EQUIPEquipment FSMFlight Schedule Monitor. A tool used by Air Traffic Management Speciali
13、sts to monitor air traffic demand at airports.FSSFlight Service Station. Air traffic facilities which provide pilot briefing, en route communications and VFR search and rescue services, assist lost aircraft and aircraft in emergency situations, relay ATC clearances, originate Notices to Airmen, broa
14、dcast aviation weather and NAS information, receive and process IFR flight plans, and monitor NAVAIDs. In addition, at selected locations, FSSs provide En Route Flight Advisory Service (Flight Watch), take weather observations, issue airport advisories, and advise Customs and Immigration of transbor
15、der flights.GDPGround Delay Program. Ground Delay Programs are implemented to control air traffic volume to airports where the projected traffic demand is expected to exceed the airports acceptance rate for a lengthy period of time. Lengthy periods of demand exceeding acceptance rate are normally a
16、result of the airports acceptance rate being reduced for some reason. The most common reason for a reduction in acceptance rate is adverse weather such as low ceilings and visibility.How it works:Flights that are destined to the affected airport are issued Expect Departure Clearance Times (EDCT) at
17、their point of departure. Flights that have been issued EDCTs are not permitted to depart until their Expect Departure Clearance Time. These ECDTs are calculated in such a way as to meter the rate that traffic arrives at the affected airport; ensuring that demand is equal to acceptance rate. The len
18、gth of delays that result from the implementation of a Ground Delay Program is a factor of two things; how much greater than the acceptance rate the original demand was, and for what length of time the original demand was expected to exceed the acceptance rate.GPSGlobal Positioning System GSGround S
19、top. Ground Stops are implemented for a number of reasons. The most common reasons are: To control air traffic volume to airports when the projected traffic demand is expected to exceed the airports acceptance rate for a short period of time. To temporarily stop traffic allowing for the implementati
20、on of a longer-term solution, such as a Ground Delay Program. The affected airports acceptance rate has been reduced to zero. How it works: Flights that are destined to the affected airport are held at their departure point for the duration of the Ground Stop. IFR Instrument Flight Rules. A set of r
21、ules governing the conduct of flight under instrument meteorological conditions. ILSInstrument Landing System. A ground based precision approach system that provides course and vertical guidance to landing aircraft. LAADRLow Altitude Airway Departure Route.LAHSO Land and Hold Short Operation. Operat
22、ions which include simultaneous takeoffs and landings and/or simultaneous landings when a landing aircraft is able and is instructed by the controller to hold-short of the intersecting runway/taxiway or designated hold-short point. Pilots are expected to promptly inform the controller if the hold sh
23、ort clearance cannot be accepted.LO CIGS Low Ceilings. Low clouds. LOCLocalizer. The component of an ILS that provides course guidance to the runway.MINITMinutes in Trail. A specified interval between aircraft expressed in time.MITMiles in Trail. A specified interval between aircraft expressed in na
24、utical miles.MULTI-TAXIMany aircraft trying to taxi at once, creating congestion. N90New York TRACON NASNational Airspace System. The common network of U.S. airspace; air navigation facilities, equipment and services, airports or landing areas. NAVAIDNavigational Aid. Any visual or electronic device
25、, airborne or on the surface, which provides point-to-point guidance information or position data to aircraft in flight. NM Nautical Mile. International unit equal to 6076.115 feet (1852 meters).NOTAM Notice to Airmen. A notice containing information (not known sufficiently in advance to publicize b
26、y other means) concerning the establishment, condition, or change in any component (facility, service, or procedure of, or hazard in the National Airspace System) the timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with flight operations. NRPNational Route Plan. The NRP is a set of rul
27、es and procedures which are designed to increase the flexibility of user flight planning within published guidelines.OTSOut of service RLSDReleased RRTESReroutes RWYRunway RWY CONFIGRunway ConfigurationRYRunway SPOStrategic Plan of Operation. See SPT. SPTStrategic Planning Team. The Strategic Planni
28、ng Team acts as a focal point for the development of collaborative Strategic Plans of Operation. Their goal is to provide advanced planning information for system users and air traffic facilities in order to maximize the utilization of the NAS in an organized and equitable manner.STMPSpecial Traffic
29、 Management Program. Reservation program implemented to regulate arrivals and/or departures at airports that are in areas hosting special events such as the Masters Golf Tournament and Indianapolis 500. SVRWXSevere Weather SWAPSevere Weather Avoidance Plan. An approved plan to minimize the affect of
30、 severe weather on traffic flows in impacted terminal and/or ARTCC areas. SWAP is normally implemented to provide the least disruption to the ATC system when flight through portions of airspace is difficult or impossible due to severe weather. TACANTactical Air Navigation Aid. An ultra-high frequenc
31、y electronic rho-theta air navigation aid which provides suitably equipped aircraft a continuous indication of bearing and distance to the TACAN station. TFCTraffic TRACONTerminal Radar Control Facility. A terminal ATC facility that uses radar and nonradar capabilities to provide approach control se
32、rvices to aircraft arriving, departing, or transiting airspace controlled by the facility. TSDTraffic Situation Display. A tool used by Traffic Management Specialists to monitor the position of air traffic and to determine the traffic demand on airports and sectors. TSTMSThunderstorms UTCCoordinated Universal Time (abbreviated as UTC, and therefore often spelled out as Universal Time C
