1、非谓语动词之不定式非谓语动词复习纲要(三不定式【 基本概念 】不定式是动词的非谓语形式之一,具有名词、形容词、副词的性质,在句子 中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。使用不定式时, 大多数情况下要带有不定式的符号 “ to ” , 少数情况不用 “ to ” 。 1. 不定式做主语 。不定式做主语时, 通常使用形式主语。 而将做主语的不定式放在句子的后面。 2. 不定式做宾语 。(P.20, Senior Book3不定式做宾语时也有使用形式宾语的问题, 但必须同时具备两个条件:有 宾语补足语。宾语是动词不定式短语或宾语从句。Book2B以上句子中, it 为形式宾语; dif
2、ficult 为宾语补足语; 不定式短语 to get a clear picture of space是真宾语。3. 不定式做表语I t has been proved that the way to produce the most food is to let farmers grow 4. 不定式做定语but it is thought that 500 million people in the world do not have enough that is about one in ten. (P.20, Senior Book35. 不定式做状语Book3本句中的 to gro
3、w plants是 has become too salty的结果状语。Boo9k3to increase the food supply in the world是目的状语。不定式表示目的极为常见。 有时为了强调目的 , 可以用 in order to或 so as to ; 有时将不定式短语置于句首也是表示目的常见用法。Senior Book3The lion looked at her as she swung the pork in her handBook3place where its enemy cannot find it. (P.68, Senior Book3only to
4、 do 是不定式做结果状语的典型用法,这种“结果”往往是预想不到 的。6. 不定式做宾语补足语不定式做宾语补足语时有两种情况:绝大多数做宾语补足语的不定式用带 to 的动词不定式; 动词 see, hear, watch, feel, notice, observe, have, make, let后做宾语 补足语的不定式主动语态时必须用不带 to 的不定式; 改为被动语态又必须用 to 。Senior Book2B下面的例子是 1991年的高考试题, 试题的意图便是考查不带 to 的不定式变 为被动语态时的用法。John was made _ the truck for a week as
5、a punishment.A. to wash B. washing C. wash D. to be washing 答案为 A 。【 相关知识及其运用 】1. 不定式的进行式当谓语所表示的动作或状态发生时, 不定式所表示的动作正在进行, 这时要 用不定式的进行式。They are said to be building another bridge across the Changjiang River.He pretended to be doing his homework carefully when his mother came in. 2. 不定式的完成式同其他非谓语形式一样,
6、不定式的完成式表示不定式的动作先于谓语动作。 Im sorryBetween 1850and 1910 the bison population is thought3. 不定式的被动式当不定式的逻辑主语同不定式具有逻辑动宾关系时,不定式要用被动式。 But some people dont want good farmlandgood farmland是句子的宾语, to be built on是宾语补足语,宾语和宾语补足 语之间总是具有逻辑上的主谓或主表关系。因此, good farmland 是不定式 to be built on 的逻辑主语,同时它们又具有逻辑动宾关系,不定式必须同被动
7、式。不定式短语 to be introduced to the pianist的逻辑主语是句子的主语 he ,同时he 同 introduce 又有逻辑上的动宾关系,因此用被动式。不定式的被动式是个比较复杂的问题。 尤其是当不定式同形容词配合使用时 很容易造成理解上的困难。下列句子中的不定式通常不用被动式。 The question is difficult to answer. The shirt is too small to wear. I find English easy to learn .、两句中的不定式短语都可以加入逻辑主语,如 for me 一类,句中 不定式的逻辑主语就是句
8、子的主语。4. 不定式与疑问词连用不定式与疑问词连用,其作用相当于一个名词性从句,可充当句子的主语、 宾语和表语。Im not sureis a great problem for the world today. (P.32, Senior Book3Senior Book3Senior Book2A5. 不定式做定语时的有关问题不定式做定语时可以分为两类:不定式所修饰的名词是不定式的逻辑主语。China is the first countries in the worldSenior Book 1B不定式短语修饰 the first countries ,同时 the first cou
9、ntries 又是 to study the sciences of farming的逻辑主语。不定式同他所修饰的名词具有逻辑动宾关系, 如果不能确立动宾关系或不 定式为不及物动词,必须使用介词。Years of hard work, very little food, only a small room and never a moments rest. (P.13, Senior Book1BI really dont know what topic不定式做定语时, 被动的概念应给予格外重视。 通常的情况是不定式动作的 执行者就在句子中。 以上述三个句子为例, to live on的执行者
10、是 she ; to write about 的执行者是 I ; to write with的执行者则是 me 。因此,以上三句中的不定式都用 主动式。在句子中没有不定式动作执行者的情况下, 不定式所修饰的名词即为不定式 的逻辑主语。如果不定式同它的逻辑主语为动宾关系,则用不定式的被动式。下列试题的意图便是考查这个问题。-Have you got anything _ there?-No, I will go there myself. Thank you just the same.A. to be taken B. been takenC. taken D. to take句子的主语 yo
11、u 不是 take 的逻辑主语。根据句子的意思, take 的逻辑主语 应该是说话者自己,因此必须用被动式的被动式。答案为 A 。在 there be句型中, 不定式做定语极为常见, 但使用不定式的一般式和被动 式意义不同。不定式的一般式表示“会有人去做 ” ,通常可根据上下文在不 定式前加一个逻辑主语。There are plenty of interesting places(for you如果使用不定式的被动式, 则表示说话人着重强调不定式所修饰的名词, 不 考虑不定式所代表的动作由谁做,且整个句子往往含有情态意义。= Nothing can be gained by pretendin
12、g.= A lot of work has to be done.6. 不定式的逻辑主语问题不定式的逻辑主语表示不定式动作的执行者,通常由介词 for 加名词、名词 性词组或宾格代词构成,置于不定式符号 to 之前。Lincoln said that it was not right(P.50, Senior Book1A在“ It is +形容词”结构的句子中,不定式的逻辑主语可能用介词 for ,也可 能用介词 of 。 当这个形容词同不定式的逻辑主语构成逻辑上的主表关系时, 介词 用 of ,否则就用 for 。 Is is very kind of you to give me so
13、much help.= You are very kind to give me so much help.(不定式的逻辑主语 you 可以同 形容词 kind 构成逻辑上的主表关系,介词用 of 不定式的逻辑主语 us 不能同 important 构成逻辑上的主表关系,因此用 for 。【 高考及各地模拟试题选编 】1. Toms parents do not allow Tom _ swimming because they think he is too young. (1985年高考试题 A. going B. to go C. go D. goes2.-Youve come just
14、 in time to help us.-Fine. What needs _? (1985高考试题 A. I do B. done C. to be done D. to do3.-Have you decided when _?-Yes, tomorrow morning. (1986年高考试题 A. to leave B. to be leavingC. will you leave D. are you leave4.Tell him _ the window. (1986高考试题 A. to shut not B. not to shutC. to not shut D. not s
15、hut5.Though he had often made his little sister _, today he was made _ byhis little sister. (1987年高考试题 A. cry; to cry B. crying; cryingC. cry; cry D. to cry; cry6.Go on _ the other exercise after you have finished this one.(1989年高考试 题 A. to do B. doing C. do D. to be doing7.She pretended_ me when I
16、passed by. (1989年高考试题 A. not to see B. not seeingC. to not see D. having not see8.Last summer I took a course on _. (1990年高考试题 A. how to make dresses B. how dresses be madeC. how to be made dresses D. how dresses to be made9.Tom kept quiet about the accident _ lose his job. (1990年高考试题 A. so not as t
17、o B. so as not toC. so as to not D. not so as to10.Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. (1991年高考试题 A. never to drive B. to never driveC. never driving D. never drive11.Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. (1992年高考试题 A. to be taken B. to takeC. being taken D. taking12.-Le
18、t me introduce myself. Im Albert.- _. (1993年高考试题A. What a pleasure B. Its my pleasureC. Pleased to meet you D. Im very pleased13._ down the radio - the babys asleep in the next room. (1993年高考试 题A. Turning B. To turn C. Turned D. Turn 14.Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer. (
19、同上 A. to invent B. inventingC. to have invented D. having invented15.Rather than _ on a crowded bus, he always prefers _ a bicycle. (1994年高考试题A. ride; ride B. riding; rideC. ride; to ride D. to ride; riding16.The missing boys were last seen _ near the river. (同上A. playing B. to be playingC. play D.
20、to play17.Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. (1995年高考试题 A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning18.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. (1995年高考试题A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to19.The patient was warned_ oily food after th
21、e operation. (1996年高考试题A. to eat not B. eating notC. not to eat D. not eating20.I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. (1996年高考试题A. to go B. to have goneC. going D. having gone21.The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more diffi
22、cult. (1999年高考试题 A. not make B. not to makeC. not making D. do not make22.Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job. (2000年高考试题A. expected B. to expectC. to be expecting D. excepts23._ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. (2001年高考试题 A. hav
23、ing suffered B. SufferingC. To suffer D. Suffered24.Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. (2002年高考试题 A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen25.The shirt looks tight on you. You seem _ weight. (2000年郑州质量检测试 题A. to put on B. to put up
24、C. to have put on D. to have put up26.-How fortunate Mr. Li was _ to the USA for further study!- Have you heard from him recently? (2000年南京高三质量检测试题 A. sent B. to be sentC. having been sent D. to have been sent27.-We have sent out two best players to the sports meet. What about you?- Well, not yet. W
25、e have few _, Id say. (2000年北京宣武区质量检测试 题 A. chosen B. to chooseC. to be chosen D. to choose from28.The house _ are for the teachers and the construction work will start soon. (2000年黄冈高三模拟试题A. built B. to be built C. to build D. being built29.A middle-aged woman came _ to the bus stop only _ the bus
26、had gone. (2000年辽宁重点中学模拟试题 A. to run; to find B. running; to findC. and ran; found D. running; finding30._ going to Shanghai on business next week. Do you have anything _ to your daughter? (2000年济南抽样测试试题A. Im; to buy B. Youre; to buyC. Im; to be taken D. youre; to be taken31.-Where is George? He sai
27、d he would meet me here at 3 oclock.- He seems _ with Mr. Brown in the office. (2000年北京海淀区期中练习 试题 A. to talk B. to be talking C. to have talked D. talking 32.Whom had you better _ it? (2000年西安高考模拟试题A. to let do B. let to do C. to let to do D. let do 33.Those who want to separate Taiwan from the main
28、land are lifting a stone _ it dropped on their own feet. (2000年成都高三诊断检测试题 A. have B. to have C. only to have D. having34.You can never imagine what great difficulty I have _ your house? (2000年 北京西城区高三抽样试题A. found B. finding C. to find D. for finding35.-Why did you move the table over there?- _ the n
29、ew sofa. (2000年北京崇文区高三统练试题 A. Share room with B. To make room forC. Given room to D. Saving room for36.What way are you thinking of _ rid of the flies? (2001年北京海淀区期中练 习试题 A. to get B. getting C. being got D. to be getting37.-Do you have anything more _ ,sir?- No. You can have a rest or do something
30、else. (2001年北京西城区高三抽样 试题A. typing B. to be typed C. typed D. to type38.Do you think the question _ tomorrow is of great importance? (2001年北 京朝阳区高三综合练习试题A. being discussed B. discussedC. to be discussed D. to discussed39.-Im trying to use this machine, but it wont start.- Let me show you how to start it. See, all you have to do is _ this button. (2001年北京崇文区高三统练试题 A. to press B. press C. to turn D. turn40.For nearly three hours we waited for the decision, only _ to come again the next day. (2001年北京宣武区高三质量检测试题 A. to tell B. telling C. to be told D. being told41.-What terrible weath
