1、届译林版中考英语复习语法整合学案第1课时名词第1课时名词2015年考试中对名词的考查比较全面,着重考查名词词义的辨析、可数名词的单复数变化以及名词所有格的使用,注重实际应用和情景交际。2016年中考名词考查方向有以下几个方面:1. 可数名词和不可数名词的区分。2. 可数名词的单复数的运用。3. 名词的所有格运用。4. 定语名词的复数的构成。5. 名词词义之间的辨析。一、 名词概述名词是指表示人、物以及抽象概念的名称。它可分为普通名词和专有名词两种。使用专有名词三注意:A. 字母的大小写1. 表示人、物、地点等的专有名词的第一个字母必须大写。如:Sunday星期天,Monday星期一,Janua
2、ry一月,February二月,Sydney悉尼,Spring Festival 春节,Ann,William Shakespeare,China,March,The Blue Danube,Qing Dynasty2. 汉语中的人名、地名一律采用汉语拼音;有的可以把汉语拼音和英语单词混合使用。如:Yang Liwei杨利伟,the Tiananmen Square天安门广场,the Changjiang River 长江,the Huanghe River 黄河。3. 有时也可以用英语表示。如:the Yangtse River长江,the Yellow River黄河。B. 所有格 1.
3、专有名词的所有格通常在单词末尾加一撇,再加s。如果说明某物是两个人共同拥有时,后一个名词用所有格形式。如果说明某物是一个人拥有时,两个名词都要用所有格形式。如:Mary and Helens bedroom 玛丽和海伦的卧室(两个人共同拥有)Marys and Helens bedroom 玛丽和海伦的卧室(各自拥有)2. 有时为了结构的平衡,可以用of短语代替名词之后的s。如:the Peoples Republic of China中华人民共和国the Selected Works of Mao Zedong 毛泽东选集C. 与冠词连用 1. 某些报刊、杂志等的专有名词前要加定冠词。如:T
4、he times 泰晤士报The Peoples Daily 人民日报2. 表示一家人的前面要用定冠词。如:the Greens 格林一家the Browns 布朗一家3. 在双重所有格所修饰的专有名词前可以用不定冠词,但不可以用定冠词。如:a daughter of Mrs Greens 格林夫人的女儿a car of Marys 马丽的小轿车以下两种情况需要加the:1. 表示海洋、河流、山脉、岛屿等的专有名词前要加the。如:the Red Sea红海;the Pacific Ocean太平洋;the Yangtze River长江;the Huangshan Mountains黄山。2
5、. 普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级等专有名词前。如:the Peoples Republic of China 中华人民共和国the United States 美国 the Great Wall 长城普通名词可分为可数名词和不可数名词两类。可数名词包括个体名词和集体名词,不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词。案例(2015江苏连云港121分)Nobody knows which team will win the 2015 World Cup in Brazil.Yes. That is the of the beautiful game.A. question B. luck C. h
6、ope D. magic【解析】本题考查名词词义的辨析。上句句意为:没有人知道哪个队会赢得2015年巴西的世界杯。所以下句句意是:这就是这项比赛的奇妙之处。【答案】 D二、 名词的复数形式1. 规则变化一般情况及以元音字母+y结尾的名词加s,清辅音后读s,浊辅音和元音后读z。如:mapmaps,lakelakes,deskdesks;以s,x,sh,ch结尾的名词加es读iz,如:busbuses,boxboxes,watchwatches;以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的名词加s读iz,如:orangeoranges,placeplaces,bridgebridges;以辅音字母+y结
7、尾的名词变y为i,再加es读z,如:babybabies,storystories,familyfamilies,factoryfactories;以f或fe结尾的名词将f或fe变为v,再加es读z。如:knifeknives,leafleaves,halfhalves,shelfshelves;以o结尾的名词个别(只有四个)加es其余都只加s读z,如:tomatotomatoes,potatopotatoes,NegroNegroes,heroheroes,radioradios,zoozoos,photophotos。2. 不规则变化形式不变(单复数同形):fishfish,deerdee
8、r,sheepsheep,ChineseChinese,JapaneseJapanese;元音字母发生变化:footfeet,toothteeth,goosegeese,manmen,womanwomen;其他变化:childchildren,mousemice。3. 复合名词的复数形式(1)只将主体名词变为复数形式。如:a banana treesome banana trees;a boy studentsome boy students(2)复合名词中两个名词都变为复数形式,但第一个名词必须是man或woman。如:a man doctortwo men doctors;a woman
9、teacherthree women teachers4. 不可数名词的数量表达不可数名词表示数量可用a lot of,lots of,much,little,a little,some,no等修饰。要表示一定的数量,可借助单位量词来表达。如:a cup of tea,a piece of paper,a piece of news,two bowls of rice,three glasses of beer,a piece of advice,hundreds of beautiful pieces of music案例(2015江苏扬州81分)What a good youve give
10、n me!Thanks a lot.My pleasure.A. information B. news C. suggestion D. advice【解析】本题考查名词的辨析。由前面的冠词a可知后面的名词是单数可数名词,而选项中的information,news和advice都是不可数名词,suggestion是可数名词,这里指的是“一条好的建议”。【答案】 C5. 物质名词的同形异义现象物质名词往往是不可数名词,但有些也可以作可数名词,此时意义有所不同。如:不可数名词可数名词room 空间a room 房间glass 玻璃a glass 玻璃杯paper 纸a paper 论文;试卷;报
11、纸fish 鱼肉a fish 鱼;fishes 鱼的种类chicken 鸡肉a chicken 小鸡drink 饮料a drink 一份/一种饮料work 工作a work 著作;工事wood 木头a wood 小树林6. 注意:由数词+名词+形容词构成的复合形容词,中间的名词须用单数形式。如:an eight-year-old boy 一个八岁的男孩a 70-metre-high building 一幢70米高的建筑7. 定语名词的复数名词作定语时,一般前用单数后用复数;但是man,woman作定语,前后都要变成复数。如:apple trees苹果树,girl students女学生,men
12、 workers男工人,women doctors 女医生三、 名词所有格1. 构成(1)(有生命的)名词+s+所有物单数名词加s:Mikes class,the boys mother以s结尾的复数名词加:the teachers room,the students desks不以s结尾的复数名词加s:the childrens books并列名词表示各自所有时,在各个名词后分别加s:Alices and Marys bags并列名词表示共有时,在最后一个名词词尾加s:Tony and Vickys father复合名词的所有格在最后一词后加s:somebody elses umbrella
13、,his brother-in-laws car(2)名词+of+名词(无生命的或有生命的名词)。如:the name of the book,the door of the bedroom(3)所有物+of+s 结构或所有物+of+名词性物主代词=双重所有格a friend of my fathers 我父亲的一个朋友a pen of mine 我的一支笔2. 名词所有格的用法(1)名词所有格在句中表示所有关系、所属类别、动作执行者或承受者。如:Tonys homework,childrens books,the teachers help,my mothers request(2)所有格s
14、常表示有生命的东西,但也可用于无生命的名词,如时间、距离、自然现象、国家、团体或城市机构等实体、工作群体等。如:Tomorrows meeting,a day or twos rest,a months time,twenty miles journey,three yards distance,Chinas first astronaut(3)所有格s后的名词如指商店、住宅等地点时,该名词通常省略。如:at the doctors 在诊所;to my uncles 到我叔叔家案例(2015浙江杭州191分)I am tired. This is not the right to ask me
15、 to go for a walk.A. momentB. chance C. placeD. season【解析】本题考查名词辨析。moment意为“时刻”;chance机会;place地点;season季节。句意为:我累了。这不是让我散步的合适时机。【答案】 A例1可数名词和不可数名词的区分。(2015重庆B1分)Whats your favorite ,Bob?Cats. Theyre so lovely. A. plant B. job C. sport D. animal【解析】本题考查名词辨析。由应答句中的cats(猫)判断,疑问句是询问对方最喜爱的动物。【答案】 D例2可数名词的
16、单复数的运用。(2015安徽合肥461分)Pardon?There is something wrong with my .He fell off his bike yesterday.A. legs B. ears C. eyes D. hands 【解析】本题考查名词辨析。由“请再说一遍”和应答句判断,对方的耳朵出毛病了,不是腿、眼睛或手出毛病。【答案】 B例3名词的所有格运用。(2015山东东营181分)When is Day?Its on June 1st,Dave.A. Child B. Children C. Childs D. Childrens【解析】本题考查名词所有格。在英语
17、中用Childrens Day来表示“儿童节”,应该用名词所有格作定语。【答案】 D例4名词词义辨析。(2015天津 221分)If you work harder,youll have another to play the violin at a concert.A. sleep B. chance C. mistake D. problem【解析】考查名词在语境中的辨析。该句是条件状语从句,如果努力工作,就会有机会在音乐会上演奏小提琴,不是睡觉、犯错去出问题。【答案】 B例5(2015浙江金华191分)Its our to have fresh air and clean water.A
18、. dream B. trouble C. problem D. waste【解析】考查名词在语境中的辨析。句意为:有新鲜的空气和干净的水,是我们的。dream梦想;trouble麻烦;problem问题;waste浪费。根据句意可知是梦想。【答案】 A一、 单项选择1. (2015湖北黄冈1分)What bowl of noodles would you like,small,medium or large?A large bowl of beef noodles,please. A. color B. price C. size D. kind2. (2015湖南长沙1分)Is the s
19、choolbag under the desk yours?No,its my . He left it there just now.A. brother B. brothers C. brother3. (2015河北1分)I want a sweet milk. Put some in my cup,please. A. ice B. soup C. salt D. sugar 4. (2015四川达州1分)After PE,I often feel very thirsty.Why not buy some to drink?A. bread B. noodles C. apple j
20、uice D. teas 5. (2015湖北鄂州1分)Its convenient to travel from Ezhou to Wuhan by taking the newly-built Green Railway.Yes. Its said that is enough. A. fifteen minutes drive B. fifteen-minutes driveC. fifteen minutes drive D. fifteen minutes drive6. (2015贵州黔西南1分) the teachers in their school is about 200
21、and one fourth of them are teachers.A. A number of;women B. A number of;womanC. The number of;women D. The number of;woman 7. (2015贵州黔西南1分)Could you please get me some ?Im hungry.A. apple B. water C. bread D. egg8. (2015广东广州1分)Yesterday for dinner I had a piece of beef,vegetables and .A. some rice B
22、. a few rice C. a little rices D. a rice 9. (2015甘肃白银1分)The boy didnt sleep well last night because of the from the factory.A. voice B. noise C. music D. song10. (2015浙江宁波1分)Mum,I want to buy an iPhone 5s for a change.Well,I think there is no . Its almost the same as an iPhone 4s.A. reason B. need C
23、. answer D. way 二、 用所给词的适当形式填空或根据英语、首字母及汉语提示填词1. (2015上海1分)The soldier saved the boy from the flood with a piece of (wooden).2. (2015山东烟台1分)Now Mom feels much better after taking the (medical).3. (2013湖北鄂州741分)What kind of noodles would you like?Id like some (牛肉) and tomato noodles,please.4. (2013浙江宁波751分)Its a good habit to brush our (牙齿) twice a day.5. (2013山东日照681分)The garbage (短信) on cell phones are polluting the teens.答案第1课时名词一、 15C B D C D610C C A B B二、 1. wood2. medicine3. beef4. teeth5. messages
