1、四种翻译方法十种翻译技巧四种翻译方法1.直译和意译所谓直译，就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。 每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时，就应采用意译法。意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容，但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。（张培基） 应当指出，在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下，直译有其可取之处，一方面有助于保存原著的格调，另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。 Literal translation refers to an adequa
2、te representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used. Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere stric
3、tly to the form or word order of the original.（郭著章） 直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下，在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义，求得内容和形式相符的方法。 意译是指译者在受到译语社会文化差异的局限时，不得不舍弃原文的字面意义，以求疑问与原文的内容相符和主要语言功能的相似。（陈宏薇） 简单地说，直译指在译文中采用原作的的表达方法，句子结构与原句相似，但也不排除在短语层次进行某些调整。 意译指在译文中舍弃原作的表达方法，另觅同意等效的表达方法，或指对原作的句子结构进行较大的变化或调整。（杨莉藜） Literal translation may be
4、 defined as having the following characteristics: 1, literal translation takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translating. 2, literal translation strives to reproduce both the ideological content and style of the entire literary w
5、ork and retain as much as possible the figures of speech and such main sentence structures or patterns as SV,SVO, SVC, SVA, SVOO, SVOC, SVOA formulated by Randolph Quirk, one of the authors of the book A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Free translation may be defined as a supplementar
6、y means to mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech. And it is adopted only when and where it is really impossible for translators to do literal translation. (Liu Zhongde). 练习：1.He walked at the head of the funeral pr
7、ocession, and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief.他走在送葬队伍的前头，还不时用一条大手绢擦一擦他的鳄鱼泪。2.Its an ill wind that blows nobody good.对有些人有害的事情可能对另一些人有利。3.Every dog has his day.人人皆有得意日。4.It means killing two birds with one stone.这意味着一石二鸟。这意味着一举两得。这意味着一箭双雕。5.你不要班门弄斧。Dont display yo
8、ur axe at Lu Bans door.Dont teach your grandmother to suck eggs.Never offer to teach a fish to swim.6.Nixon was smiling and Kissinger smiling more broadly.尼克松满面春风，基辛格更是笑容可掬。7.在我的后园，可以看见墙外有两株树，一株是枣树，还有一株也是枣树。Behind the wall of my backyard you can see two trees: one is a date tree, the other is also a
9、 date tree.8.油蛉在这里低唱，蟋蟀们在这里弹琴。Here field crickets droned away while house crickets chirped merrily.9.There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of a French man.法国人的性格混合有老虎和猿的成分。法国人的性格既残暴又狡猾。虎恶狐狡，兼而有之，这就是法国人的性格。10.Every spirits you take is a nail in your coffin.你喝的每一杯酒都在缩短你的性命。你喝的每一
10、杯酒都是你棺材上的一颗钉子。11.The first time I saw her, half of my life ago, she nearly took my breath away.大半生前第一次见到她，她差点儿把我的呼吸带走。大半生前第一次见到她，我就惊呆了。12.芦笛岩是桂林最精彩的岩洞。Reed Flute Cave is the most magnificent of all in Guilin.13.Dont cross the bridge till you get to it.不必担心太早。不必自寻烦恼。14.Do you see any green in my eye?
11、你以为我是好骗的吗？15.I want a man who will throw his hat over the Chindwin and then lead his troops after it.我要的是这样一个人，他决心在亲顿江破釜沉舟，然后率领部队前进。16.Ruth was upsetting the other children, so I showed her the door.鲁斯一直在扰乱别的孩子，我把他撵了出去。17.The operation may not succeed; its a gamble whether he lives or dies.手术不一定成功，能
12、否保住他的性命，只能一赌。18.But after six years of a stormy marriage, Cewe decided to end it.六载婚姻生活，风雨交加，赛维决定结束这种婚姻。19.The boxes, being museum quality, would have increased in worth over the years, and made people remember me “with growing appreciation.”九只盒子，都足以当作文物收藏在博物馆里，随着岁月流逝，它们的价值还会越来越高，人们也会记住我，“越来越感激”我。20
13、.Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.意译：砸镜子并不能解决实际问题。直译:砸镜子并不能使丑八怪变漂亮，也不能使社会问题烟消云散。21. He had about as much chance of getting a job as of being chosen mayor of Chicago.A.他找到工作的机会和当选芝加哥市长的机会差不多B.他找到工作的机会简直跟当选芝加哥市长同样困难。C.他找到工作
14、的机会简直微乎其微。22.“你真是不到黄河不死心。”她低声地说，无可奈何地摇摇头。（寒夜）“You really do refuse to give in until all hope is gone.” she murmured, shaking her head helplessly.23. It is a long lane that had no turning.误：那是一条没有弯的长巷。正：无论多长的巷也有弯的地方（路必有弯，事必有变）。24. We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much.误：我们不能过高地估计现代科
15、学的价值。正：对现代科学的价值无论如何重视也不过分。25. At the door to the restaurant, a stunning, porcelain-faced woman in traditional costume asked me to remove my shoes.在通往餐厅的门口有一位迷人的陶瓷般脸蛋的妇女叫我脱下鞋子。在通往餐厅的门口有一位妇女，涂脂抹粉、细皮嫩肉、身着和服、十分迷人，她叫我脱下鞋子。在通往餐厅的门口有一位妇女，她身着和服，仪态优美，面庞陶瓷般光洁白皙，叫我脱去鞋子。26. The rather arresting spectacle of lit
16、tle old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.古老的小日本漂游在灰棕色的钢筋混凝土摩天大楼之间的引人景象是和服与超短裙之间的不断斗争的象征。 式样古老小巧的日本房屋像小船一般，漂游在灰棕色的钢筋混凝土摩天大楼之间，这引人注目的景象象征着旧传统和新发展之间的不断斗争。 米黄色的混凝土摩天大楼之间，飘荡着小小的古老的日本，构成了一道吸引人的风景，恰恰象征着和服与迷你裙间不断的斗
17、争。27.千字比十字只多一小撇，不是差不多嘛？ The character千 differs from 十 in merely having one additional short stroke. Arent they about the same?28，我们尽忙着鸡毛蒜皮的事儿，还没有顾得上呢。（新儿女英雄传） We havent had time, weve been too busy with chicken feather and onion skin affairs, with light trivial matters!29，“八字没有一撇呢 ”Not even the firs
18、t stroke of the character 八 is in sight.30、三个人品字式坐了，随便谈了几句（子夜）The three men sat down facing each other and began casually chatting. (许孟雄、A. C. Barnes译)2，归化和异化 翻译的归化/异化（domesticating translation and foreignizing translation）是在1995年由美国学者L. Venuti（文努迪）所提出的， Venuti十分欣赏布朗绍的名言：“翻译是纯粹的差异游戏：翻译总得涉及差异，也掩饰差异，同
19、时又偶尔显露差异，甚至经常突出差异。这样，翻译本身就是这差异的活命化身。”在他看来，差异在翻译中被弱化的原因有二：首先，长久以来，翻译的讨论被遮蔽了，它在目的语坐标的价值体系中处于边缘化地位，差异非但没有活现，反而处于融化的过程之中。其次，英国和 英语 的价值标准，在战后形成了全球性的优势，从而更加确定了英美国家主义文化的语境。这种语境只接受在意识形态上符合英美文化的意识形态的外语文本。正是在这样一种背景下，归化的翻译为了迎合接受者的口味，总是依照译入语的特定的政治、文化、意识形态的规范对译入文本进行调整，弱式文化只得听从英美文化的摆弄，成为殖民者进行文化殖民的工具。（参见Venuti 199
20、2）归化翻译的最大特点就是采用流畅地道的英语进行翻译，在这类翻译中，翻译者的努力被流畅的译文所掩盖，译者为之隐形，不同文化之间的差异也被掩盖，目的语主流文化价值观取代了译入语文化价值观，原文的陌生感已被淡化，译作由此而变得透明。从后殖民理论吸取营养的异化翻译策略则将归化翻译视为帝国主义的殖民和征服的共谋，是文化霸权主义的表现。所以，Venuti提倡异化的翻译策略。根据这一策略，译者和译语读者在翻译的过程中努力摆脱来自强势文化的羁绊。异化翻译并不应理解为对应的翻译，它并不能提高译文的忠实性。后殖民学者Robinson认为异化翻译与直译和逐字翻译相关联，只是没有直译那么极端，因为他们并不坚持在翻译
21、中恪守原文句法序列中的个别词语的意义，但却坚持要保留原味。（参见王东风，2002：26）在异化翻译中，新的东西可能会加进去，从而达到凸现译者的身份，提高翻译的地位，并且对翻译的文化霸权进行有力的回击。归化策略 (domesticating method)归化是采用民族中心主义态度，是外语文本符合译语的文化价值观，把原作者带入译语文化。译者在翻译的时候，心中既要想着原作及原作作者，尽可能的把原文的内容和风格准确而生动的表达出来；同时，译者还要想着译文的读者，翻译出来的东西要尽可能接近读者，便于读者理解和接受。例如：Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌。a lion in the
22、way 拦路虎 lick ones boots 拍马屁 Diamond cuts diamond 棋逢对手 A flash in a pan 昙花一现 Have one foot in the grave 风烛残年 To grow like mushrooms 雨后春笋 One boy is a boy，two boys half a boy，three boys nobody 一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。练习：请用“归化”的翻译方法，翻译下面几句话： Lead a dogs life Jack of all trades A drowned rat Let the cat
23、 out of the bag. Every dog has his day. Dont shed crocodile tears to me; you know you are really glad that theyre met with misfortune. Your honor, I confess the corn. I was royally drunk. Dont play your ace in the hole until the critical moment. The gravy train is just not for me. George Washington
24、adopted a Fabian policy during the war of Independence.采取归化策略进行翻译时，以下几种汉语成语不宜使用：映中华民族特殊习俗的如：“拂袖而去”；“腰缠万贯”；“罄竹难书”等有汉字特征的如：“目不识丁”；“八字没一撇”等含有中国地名的如：“稳如泰山”；“黔驴技穷”；“夜郎自大”；“洛阳纸贵”等含有中国人名的如：“名落孙山”；“江郎才尽”；“事后诸葛亮”等 异化策略 (foreignizing method)异化是指对文化价值观的偏离主义的压力下，接受外语文本的语言及文化差异，把读者带入外国情境。异化译法的核心，就是尽量传译原文的“异质因素”，
25、具体说来，就是要尽量传达原作的异域文化特色，异语语言形式，以及作者的异常写作手法。 异化可以在语音层上出现。例如： ballet译作“芭蕾舞” cigar译作“雪茄” laser过去译成“莱塞”，现译作“镭射”、“激光” 目前大街小巷都风行的“卡拉 OK”等。 异化可以在词语层出现。例如： “crocodile tears”译作“鳄鱼的眼泪” “an olive branch”译作“橄榄枝” “sour grapes”译作“酸葡萄” “the cold war”译作“冷战”等等。 异化可以在句子结构层次出现。朱生豪翻译的莎士比亚戏剧是公认的佳译，其中就运用了不少“欧化句式”例如：在哈姆雷特第一
26、幕第三场中，波洛涅斯告诫女儿不要轻信哈姆雷特时说：“You speak like a green girlUngifted in such perilous circumstance”朱生豪将其译为：“你讲的话完全像是一个不曾经历过这种危险的不懂事的女孩子。” 异化揭示了深层含义，又再现了原文的表层形式，一方面丰富和完善了汉语的表达力，使表达意思的手段更准确，更多样化；另一方面，也为我们了解西方文化打开了一扇窗户。练习：请用“异化”的翻译方法翻译下面十个句子。 Armed to teeth Meet ones Waterloo Dark horse Crocodile tears Ivory
27、tower He looked cool in his new clothes. This is the last supper in our college life. The cold war between the husband and wife ended when the husband found a better job. The fear that the Black Monday might return soon alarmed these Wall Streeters. The wealth he had boasted for years turned out to
28、be the emperors new clothes.十种翻译技巧了解完四种翻译方法后，我们再来了解一下十种常用翻译技巧，即重复法(repetition)，增词法(amplification)，省略法(omission)，词类转换法(conversion)，词序调整法(inversion)，拆译法(division)，合译法（combination），正说反译和反说正译法(negation)，语态变换法(voice changes)，引申法（extension）和句子成分转译法。1重复法(repetition)重复法(repetition)是在翻译中，为了使译文忠实于原文并且产生意义明确，文
29、字通顺、流畅，符合目的语习惯的文字，而将某一部分文字反复使用的翻译技巧。例子：1. You must ask the mother at home, the children in the street, the ordinary man in the market and look at their mouth, how they speak, and translate that way; then theyll understand and see that youre speaking to them in German. （重复谓语动词）你一定要问一问家庭主妇们，问一问街头玩耍的孩子
30、，问一问集市上做买卖的百姓，听听他们说些什么，他们如何说，你就如何译；这样他们就会理解，就会明白：你是在用德语和他们讲话。2. We have to analyze and solve problems. (重复宾语)我们必须分析问题，解决问题。3. Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration. (重复省略的部分)无知是畏惧之源，羡慕之根。4. But we still have defects, and very big ones. (指代内容的重复)但我们仍有不足，而且是很大的不足。5. The dog is chasi
31、ng the cat which is chasing a rat which is having a piece of cheese in its mouth. (指代内容的重复)那条狗在追着那只猫，而猫又在追着一只老鼠，老鼠的嘴里衔着一块奶酪。6. 判断我们各方面工作的是非得失，归根到底，要以是否有利于发展社会主义的生产力，是否有利于增强我国的综合国力，是否有利于提高人民的生活水平为标准。In the final analysis, the criterion for judging the success or failure of our work in various fields
32、is whether it helps to develop the productive forces of socialist society, to strengthen the overall capacity of the country and to improve the peoples living standards. 7.I had experienced oxygen and /or engine trouble. 我曾碰到过，不是氧气设备了故障，就是引擎出故障，或两者都出故障（重复名词）8.The three most important effects of an electric current are heating, magnetic and chemical effects.电流的三种最重要的效应是热效应、磁效应和化学效应。9.Alternatin
