1、说明文类阅读理解高考英语真题分类汇编专题092019年高考英语真题分类汇编专题09：说明文类阅读理解一、阅读理解（共8题；共66分）1.（2019北京）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 By the end of the century, if not sooner, the worlds oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study. At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine mi
2、croorganisms (海洋微生物) called phytoplankton. Because of the way light reflects off the organisms, these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the growth of
3、 phytoplankton in some areas, while reducing it in other spots, leading to changes in the oceans appearance. Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where they pull carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) into the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die, they bury carbon in the deep ocean, an importa
4、nt process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the oceans warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients. Stephanie Dutkie
5、wicz, a scientist in MITs Center for Global Change Science, built a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3, it found that multiple changes to the colour of the oceans would occur. The model projects that currently blue areas with littl
6、e phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters, such as those of the Arctic, a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton, and these areas will turn greener. Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean changing. she said, but the type of phytoplankton is changing
7、.（1）What are the first two paragraphs mainly about? A.The various patterns at the ocean surface.B.The cause of the changes in ocean colour.C.The way light reflects off marine organisms.D.The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplankton.（2）What does the underlined word vulnerable in Paragraph 3 probab
8、ly mean? A.SensitiveB.BeneficialC.SignificantD.Unnoticeable（3）What can we learn from the passage? A.Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystem.B.Dutkiewiczs model aims to project phytoplankton changesC.Phytoplankton have been used to control global climateD.Oceans with more phytopla
9、nkton may appear greener.（4）What is the main purpose of the passage? A.To assess the consequences of ocean colour changesB.To analyse the composition of the ocean food chainC.To explain the effects of climate change on oceansD.To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton2.（2019北京）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、
10、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 Want to explore new cultures, meet new people and do something worthwhile at the same time? You can do all the three with Global Development Association (GDA).Whatever stage of life youre at, wherever you go and whatever project you do in GDA, youll create positive changes in a po
11、or and remote community (社区). We work with volunteers of all ages and backgrounds. Most of our volunteers are aged 17-24. Now we need volunteer managers aged 25-75.They are extremely important in the safe and effective running of our programmes. We have such roles as project managers, mountain leade
12、rs, and communication officers. Depending on which role you choose, you could help to increase a communitys access to safe drinking water, or help to protect valuable local cultures. You might also design an adventure challenge to train young volunteers. Not only will you help our young volunteers t
13、o develop personally, youll also learn new skills and increase your cultural awareness. You may have chances to meet new people wholl become your lifelong friends. This summer we have both 4-week and 7-week programmes:CountrySchedule4-week programmes7-week programmesAlgeria5 Jul.- 1Aug.20Jun. -7Aug.
14、Egypt24 Jul-20 Aug.19Jun.-6 Aug.Kenya20 Jul.-16Aug.18 Jun.-5 Aug.South Africa2Aug.-29 Aug.15 Jun.-2Aug. GDA ensures that volunteers work with community members and local project partners where our help is needed. All our projects aim to promote the development of poor and remote communities. There i
15、s no other chance like a GDA programme. Join us as a volunteer manager to develop your own skills while bringing benefits to the communities. Find out more about joining a GDA programme: Website: www.glodeve.org Email: humanresourcesglodeve.org（1）What is the main responsibility of volunteer managers
16、? A.To seek local partnersB.To take in young volunteersC.To carry out programmesD.To foster cultural awareness（2）The programme beginning in August will operate in _. A.EgyptB.AlgeriaC.KenyaD.South Afria（3）The shared goal of GDAs projects to _. A.explore new culturesB.protect the environmentC.gain co
17、rporate benefitD.help communities in need3.（2019江苏）请认真阅读下列短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。 Whatever your age or interests, Buxton has something to see or do to make your visit truly memorable.High energy If you desire physical activities, you can choose activities from swimming to horse riding. Expl
18、ore the heights with Go Ape, the high wire forest adventure course, or journey beneath the earth at Pooles Cavern. And dont forget: we are surrounded by a natural playground just perfect for walking, caving, climbing and cycling.High minded Buxton is justifiably proud of its cultural life and youll
19、find much to suit all tastes with art, music, opera and the performing arts at Buxton Opera House & Pavilion Arts Centre and Green Man Gallery. There are plenty of opportunities for the creative person to become involved, including workshops and events.Keeping the kids happy Children love the small
20、train and playgrounds in the Pavilion Gardens and theres plenty more to explore at the Buxton Museum. Theres a new indoor play centre, plus the special events and workshops, and others during school holiday periods（1）If you want to take an undergounld journey, which place is the best choice? A.Poles
21、 Caven.B.Pavilion Gardens.C.Buxton Museum.D.Green Man Gallery.（2）Buxton Open House & Pavilion Arts Centre is special because it offers _. A.rides in small trainsB.courses in modcm artsC.artistic and cultural activitiesD.basic courses in horse riding4.（2019天津）阅读理解 How does an ecosystem（生态系统）work? Wha
22、t makes the populations of different species the way they are? Why are there so many flies and so few wolves? To find an answer, scientists have built mathematical models of food webs, noting who eats whom and how much each one eats. With such models, scientists have found out some key principles op
23、erating in food webs. Most food webs, for instance, consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones. When a predator（掠食动物）always eats huge numbers of a single prey（猎物）, the two species are strongly linked; when a predator lives on various species, they are weakly linked. Food webs may be do
24、minated by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term. If a predator can eat several species, it can survive the extinction（灭绝）of one of them. And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare, the switch allows t
25、he original prey to recover. The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction. Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable, where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems. In the 1960s, scientists propose
26、d that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species-including species they did not directly attack. And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true. In the ocean, we fished for
27、top predators such as cod on an industrial scale, while on land, we killed off large predators such as wolves. These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance. Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models. Ideally, the system would tell us when to adapt human
28、 activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline. Prevention is key, scientists says because once ecosystems pass their tipping point（临界点）, it is remarkably difficult for them to return. （1）What have scientists discover
29、ed with the help of mathematical models of food webs？ A.The living habits of species in food webs.B.The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems.C.The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems.D.The differences between weak and strong links in food webs.（2）A strong link is found betwee
30、n two species when a predator_. A.has a wide food choiceB.can easily find new preyC.sticks to one prey speciesD.can quickly move to another place（3）What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline？ A.The prey species they directly attack will die out.B.The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators.C.The living environment of other species will remain unchanged.D.The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes.（4）What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in Paragraph 4？ A.Uncon
