1、第一章英语第一章：写作基本技能第一节主题句请对历年真题和模拟试题总结出topic sentence, 并对它进行复述或概括。一如何写主题句(topic sentence)1在审题过程中，从Directions 和outline找出主题词(topic)和主题思想（controlling idea）.2分析并确定两者的关系。3用简洁有力的结构把两者连接成完整句子。4检查并修改主题句，使之符合主题句的要求和特征。二主题句的要求和特征1必须是判断性质的完整句子。以下就不是：driving on freewaysThe importance of goldIs it necessary to take
2、a part-time job?2必须有概括性。以下就不是：American food is terrible.American food is tasteless and greasy because Americans use too many canned, frozen, and prepackaged foods and because everything is fried in oil or butter.3必须包含作者明确的态度。以下就不是I am not sure if it is necessary for college students to take part-tim
3、e jobs.4必须简洁，吸引人。（2001）Love in need is love indeed.5必须统领全文，但不能超出全文内容。(2001) Love is the noblest feelings of mankind. 三主题句的位置1强烈建议放段首。2其他部位可以设置主题句的复述句，如段末。观察此段：Synonyms, words that have the same meaning, do not always have the same emotional meaning. For example, the words stingy and frugal both mean
4、 careful with money. However, to call a person stingy is an insult, while the word frugal has much positive connotation. Similarly, a person wants to be slender but not skinny, and aggressive but not pushy. Therefore, you should be careful in choosing words because many so-called synonyms are not re
5、ally synonyms at all.四主题句的复述 (Restatement of T.S.)1如果是在段末，用强调词连接。2与主题句保持意思的一致。3转换方式：词对应，同根，逆向第二节 段落的句子结构一扩展句 (supporting sentence)1目的：发展，支持或证明主题句2手段：给出原因，事实，数据，引言，或加以阐述3种类：主要扩展句 (major supporting statement)次要扩展句 (minor supporting statement)递进扩展句 (additional supporting statement)Examples for supporti
6、ng sentencesT.S. Over-fishing leads to the decrease of fish resources.1.Reason: This is because an increasing number of fishermen can go fishing at sea.2.Fact/figures: According to a report on fishing released by .University, the fishing boats are 25 times more than 20 years ago.3.Citation: Just a p
7、rofessor from the fishery department of Harvard University said, Over-consumption of resources will result in negative effect on future development of human beings.4.Further reasoning: In other words, over-consumption of resources will result in negative effect on future development of human beings.
8、二转折句 （contrast sentence）1目的：（议论文）反面论证观点2手段：条件假设3转折词：on the other hand, in contrast, without, secondly if, otherwiseExamples for contrast sentenceIn my opinion, money itself can neither buy happiness nor cause evil. If you make good use of money, you can improve your life greatly. Otherwise, you will
9、 be a slave of money and evil will come into your heart. In short, only when money is used for the benefit of not only yourself but also other people, can it bring you real happiness.三结论句 (concluding sentence)1目的：对全段或全文总结，归纳或进一步强调观点2手段：主题句的复述或引申3过渡词：逗号型：As a result, Indeed, To sum up,从句型：It is clear
10、 that, There can be no doubt that.Example for concluding sentenceThrough the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to suggest that parents should decide whether to adopt home tutoring according to the children necessity. 四段落的组织说明段和描述
11、段的基本组织形式有以下两种：1并列扩展式ExampleConsidering all these reasons, I think we should take some positive measures to seize the opportunity of globalization and introduce Chinese traditional culture and customs to foreigners. On one hand, our government ought to invest more in the study of traditional culture.
12、 On the other hand, it is necessary for us to pay more attention to the development of such traditional arts as Beijing Opera. Only in this way can our national culture be along with the quick international development.2递进扩展式ExampleI think we have to take more effective measures to help poor childre
13、n to go on with their schoolings. Through some donation program, we can help them pay their tuition. In addition, we also organize some teachers to follow up and see what we can do to help their family. As long as their family get out of poverty, children can stay in school without worries.议论段的基本组织形
14、式有以下两种：1正论递进式ExampleThe Project Hope is of great necessity. First of all, many people in poverty-stricken areas can hardly make a living, to say nothing of sending their children to schools. Moreover, education is vital to the success for the economic and social progress of the country. But its impo
15、ssible for our government to afford such a sum for the school drop-outs. Thus the Project Hope becomes the best solution.2正反论证式ExamplePatience is essential to modern people. If we can take time and grasp the good chance the moment it arises, we can make a big progress in our work. On the contrary, i
16、f we have not enough patience, chance may slip by while we are worrying for this or that. Therefore, you had better take time and wait for the good chance.第三节句子写作一常见错误分析(From Wrong sentence to correct sentence)a. 句子片段，断句 (sentence fragment)There is a pretty American girl, shes smiling.It is a cartoo
17、n, that a cock give a admission to others.But if not, is it a hen?Because mostly people are freed in the same time.In 1995, there is one fish on the ocean, but ships are many and many.b. 时态混乱In 1995 the number of fish we can see were very few and at the same time, many fishing occurred before our ey
18、es. (time reference: 1995)During the past time there are not abundant goods in the market. People would not concern service quality so long as they could buy what they needed. (time reference: past time)Every year about 300 million people died disease that deprive from smoking. Smoking use much mone
19、y every year. (time reference: every year)In 1994, the total product of tobacco is 14.364 billion pounds and in 1995, is 14.2 billion pounds. (time reference: 1994 + 1995)What caused this phenomenon? (time reference: null)c. 代词误用It is incredible to many people. Cigarette smokers spend money for illn
20、ess.He was knocked down by a bicycle, but it was not serious.Everyone should do that he or she have promised, but not just their duty.Second, perhaps this is the main reason.Can you find anything new in this?d. 其他错误If you do your homework thoughtfully, a student should be able to pass this examinati
21、on.Jerry swallowed a steak, and an entire half a gallon of ice cream was eaten by him.Seen from the top of the mountain, we found the small town more beautiful.二句子质量提升 (From correct-only sentence to enhanced sentence)1句子质量的基本改进a. 短句(choppy sentence)Water is an enduring source of power. It is also an
22、 unlimited energy source. Dams produce power. They have existed for a long time. But windmills are relatively new.We must find new sources of energy. Natural sources of energy are decreasing. Solar energy is a promising new source of energy. Solar energy is energy from the sun.b. 松散句 (loose sentence
23、)信息重要性确定句式1) I was interested in English, but I finally chose computer as my major.2) I chose computer as my major, although I was interested in English.多于2个句子的松散句，可以考虑修改Many students attend classes all morning, and then they work all afternoon, and they also have to study at night, so they are usua
24、lly exhausted by the weekend.c. 赘言问题 (redundant)In my opinion, I believe exam-oriented assessment system needs to be changed.In general, young people these days tend to remain single.The reason why people choose to live in the countryside is because there is no pollution nor noise there.It is highly
25、 important to find a solution to solve this problem.d. 汉化英语 (Chinese-English)Water shortage is a serious problem in big cities, such as Shanghai, because it has over ten million people.Government should work hard to raise the living level of the people.Doing regular exercises can help our body.2句子质量
26、的加强改进a. 强调句b. 倒装句c. 平行句Parallel StructureI am not sure whether I should give the beggar money or to offer him food.They would lie on the battlefield for hours and sometimes days.He left the city because he didnt get success in business, because his friends came and because his health deteriorated.Th
27、e criminal was found guilty because he stole sth in the shop and sent bribes to judges.d. 插入语Inserted phrasesIn other words, over-fishing will lead to negative effect on our environment.According to a report on fishing released by .University, the fishing boats are 25 times more than 20 years ago.As
28、 is know to all, smoking is bad to health.3十大必备句式1) IT-structureIt is recognized that It is clearly shown that It is possible for us to know that 2) THERE-structureThere is wide concern over There is a general understanding that There is no denying the fact that 3) AS-structureAs we all know, As fol
29、lows.As a matter of fact, 4) WITH-structureWith the passing of years the situation has become more serious.Wisdom comes with experience.No sweet without sweat.5). IN-structurein case of (在 情况下)In case of difficulty, we should turn to friends.in terms of(就来说)In terms of value, this approach is the be
30、st.in view of (考虑到)in the matter of (就什么事情说)in light of (根据, 依照)6) CAUSE type Expressionsfactors for factors can explain / account for be responsible for / play a part in / contribute a lot to result from / be ascribed to / be rooted in 7) DIGIT-type Expressionsas can be seen / revealed / shown / suggested /,from the statistics / information /data /figures given,number of doubled /tripled, as compare with jump / rise / increase /grow; drop / decrease / fall / declineremain steady
