1、大学英语课文翻译答案新世纪综合教程3大学英语课文翻译答案(新世纪综合教程3)BOOK 3Unit 1What is Friendship?Michele E. Doyle&Mark K. Smith The text is excerpted and adapted from Friendship: Theory and Experience written by Michele E. Doyle & Mark K. Smith. It appears in The Encyclopaedia of Informal Education (2002).When we approach the
2、notion of friendship, our first problem is that there is a lack of socially acknowledged criteria for what makes a person a friend. In one setting, we may describe someone as a friend; in another, the label may seem less appropriate. Therefore, people tend to have a very thin understanding of what f
3、riendship really means. To help us understand what friendship really means, we need to review some classical views of friendship.友谊的真谛米歇尔E多伊尔 马克K史密斯我们探讨友谊这个概念时，遇到的第一个问题是，没有社会公认的择友标准。在某一情境下，我们会把某个人称为朋友；然而，情境一旦变迁，朋友这个称呼就显得没那么贴切了。因此，人们对友谊的真谛的理解往往是非常肤浅的。为了帮助我们理解友谊的真正含义，我们需要回顾有关友谊的几种传统的看法。 One classical
4、view of friendship is provided by Aristotle, the famous ancient Greek philosopher. Aristotle distinguishes between what he believes to be genuine friendships and two other forms: one based on mutual usefulness, the other on pleasure. So, according to Aristotle, we may find three kinds of friendship:
5、一种传统的友谊观在古希腊著名的哲学家亚里士多德的著作里得以阐述。他将自己心目中真正的友谊同另外两种友谊截然分开。这两种友谊分别是：基于互利的友谊；基于愉悦的友谊。因此，根据亚里士多德的观点，我们可以将友谊分为三类：close3RT Friendship based on utility. Utility is an impermanent thing: it changes according to circumstances. When the ground for friendship disappears, the friendship also breaks up. Friendshi
6、ps of this kind seem to occur most frequently between the elderly, because at their age what they want is not pleasure but utility. Friendships based on utility are also frequently found among those in middle or early life who are pursuing their own advantage. Such persons do not spend much time tog
7、ether, because sometimes they do not even like one another, and therefore feel no need of such an association unless they are mutually useful. They take pleasure in each others company only in so far as they have hopes of advantage from it.建立在功利之上的友谊。功利并非永恒，它依照环境而变化。友谊的根基一旦消失，友谊也随之破灭。这类友谊似乎在老人之间最为常见
8、，因为上了年纪的人需要的不是愉悦而是实用。基于功利的友谊也同样存在于追逐个人利益的中年人和青年人中。这些人不会在一起消磨时光，因为他们有时甚至不喜欢对方，因而觉得除非可以互相利用，否则没有交往的必要。只有当他们认为彼此有希望相互利用的时候，才会乐于呆在一起。close4RT Friendship based on pleasure. Friendship between the young is thought to be grounded on pleasure, because the lives of the young are regulated by their feelings,
9、and their chief interests are in their own pleasure and the opportunity of the moment. As they grow up, however, their tastes change too, so that they are quick to make and to break friendships. That is why they fall in and out of friendship quickly, changing their attitude often, even within the sa
10、me day.建立在愉悦之上的友谊。年轻人之间的友谊常被看作是建立在愉悦基础之上的，因为年轻人的生活受感情支配，他们感兴趣的主要是自己的快乐和眼前的重要机会。然而，他们的情趣随着自己日渐成长也会变化，他们交友容易，分手也干脆。年轻人的态度变化无常，甚至一日数变，难怪他们的友谊总是迅速地开始，又匆匆地结束。close5RT Friendship based on goodness. Perfect friendship is based on goodness. Only the friendship of those who are good, and similar in their goo
11、dness, is perfect. The conduct of good men is the same or similar. It is between good men that both love and friendship are chiefly found and in the highest form. Such friendships are rare and they need time and intimacy; for as the saying goes, true friends must go through trials and tribulations t
12、ogether. And no two persons can accept each other and become friends until each has proved to the other that he is worthy of love, and so won his trust. The wish for friendship may develop rapidly, but true friendship does not.建立在美德之上的友谊。完美无瑕的友谊立足于美德。只有那些品德高尚而且拥有相似美德的人之间建立的友谊才是最完美的。品行高尚的人，其行为是相同的，或者
13、是类似的。爱和友谊多半在品行高尚的人之间发生，而且以最高雅的形式出现。这种友谊是罕见的，需要时间，需要交往。常言道，真正的朋友必须同甘共苦，历经风雨。只有当两个人互相证明自己值得爱并获得对方的信任之后，彼此方能接受对方为朋友。交友的意愿可能倏忽而至，但真正的友谊却要慢慢培养。close6RT Another classical view of friendship can be found in the writings of Cicero, an ancient Roman statesman and orator. According to Cicero, true friendship
14、is only possible between good men. He further defines the good as those whose actions and lives leave no question as to their honor, purity, equity, and liberality; who are free from greed, lust, and violence; and who have the courage of their convictions. The friendship between good men, based on v
15、irtue, does offer material benefits, but it does not seek them. All human beings are bonded together in a community of shared reason. Therefore, in friendships and relationships, those who possessany superiority must regard themselves as equals of those who are less fortunate. It is virtue that crea
16、tes and preserves true friendship.另一种传统的友谊观可以在古罗马政治家、演说家西塞罗的著作里找到。西塞罗认为，真正的友谊只能在好人之间发生。他进而将“好人”定义为“那些行为和生活无损于自己的荣誉、纯洁、公平和开明的人；那些摆脱了贪婪、欲念和暴力的人；那些敢于依照自己的信念说话和做事的人。”好人之间建立的这种友谊立足于美德，它确实可以带来物质利益，但决不以追求物质利益为目标。人类生活在以共同的理想为基础的社会。因此，在处理朋友关系和其他人际关系时，优越于他人的人必须平等地对待那些没那么幸运的人。美德创造友谊，美德使友谊之树常青。close7RT Thus, we
17、 may see that the traditional idea of friendship is made up of three components: Friends must enjoy each others company; they must be useful to one another; and they must share a commitment to the good. According to the classical views, virtuous friends are bound together, as they recognize each oth
18、ers moral excellence. To perceive a friend, therefore, is to perceive oneself; and to know a friend is to know oneself. Each can be said to provide a mirror in which the other may see himself. Through networks of such virtuous friends, we can develop a shared idea of the good and pursue it together.
19、 Friendship of this kind is permanent, because in it are united all the attributes that friends ought to possess.我们由此可以看出，传统的友谊观由三个要素构成：朋友以相伴为乐；朋友必须彼此受益；彼此都有志于崇高的事业。这些传统的友谊观告诉我们，两个品德高尚的朋友是永不分离的，因为彼此认同对方的高尚品德。因此，认识朋友就是认识自我，了解朋友就是了解自我。可以说朋友就好比是一面镜子，每个人都可以从朋友身上看清自己。置身于品德高尚的朋友之中，我们会对美德达成共识，共同为之不遗余力。这样的友
20、谊是永恒的，因为朋友应该具备的一切品质都凝结在这种友谊关系中。2After Twenty YearsO. Henry The text is adapted from After Twenty Years, a short story written by O. Henry.close1RT It was barely 10 oclock at night. The policeman on the beat (巡逻路线) moved up the avenue impressively. He turned now and then to cast his watchful eye over
21、 the doors and shop windows on both sides of the street. He was of a powerful build and made a fine picture of a guardian (卫士) of the peace.二十年之后欧亨利将近夜里十点，巡逻警察来到这条街上，样子威严，不时地看看街道两边的店铺，警惕的目光落在店铺的大门和橱窗上。身材魁梧的他，俨然一副和平卫士的模样。close2RT Around the midway of a certain block, the policeman suddenly slowed his
22、 walk. In the doorway of a darkened hardware store stood a man, with an unlighted cigar in his mouth. As the policeman walked up to him, the man spoke up quickly.在一个街区走到一半时，他突然放慢了步伐。只见一个光线黯淡的五金店门口，站着一个人，嘴里叼着没有点燃的雪茄。他走了过去，那人赶紧开腔：close3RT Its all right, officer, he said. Im just waiting for a friend.
23、Its an appointment made twenty years ago. Sounds a little funny to you, doesnt it? Well, Ill explain. Twenty years ago, there used to be a restaurant where this store stands now.“没事儿，警官，”他说道。“我只是在等个朋友。这可是二十年前的约定。听起来有点好笑吧？我跟你说，二十年前这里曾经是个饭店。”close4RT Until five years ago, said the policeman. It was to
24、rn down then.“五年前才拆的。”警察说道。close5RT The man in the doorway struck a match and lit his cigar. The light showed a pale, square-jawed (方下巴) face with keen eyes, and a little white scar (伤疤) near his right eyebrow.门口那人划了根火柴，点燃了雪茄。火光中可见一张苍白的脸，方下巴，目光敏锐，右边眉毛附近有一道白色的细小伤疤。close6RT Twenty years ago tonight, s
25、aid the man, I dined here with Jimmy Wells, my best chum (好友) and the finest chap in the world. He and I were raised here in New York, just like two brothers, together. I was eighteen and Jimmy was twenty then. The next morning I was to start for the West to make my fortune. You couldnt have dragged
26、 Jimmy out of New York; he thought it was the only place on earth. Well, we agreed that night that we would meet here again exactly twenty years from that date and time, no matter what our conditions might be or from what distance we might have to come. We figured that in twenty years each of us oug
27、ht to have our destiny worked out and our fortunes made, whatever they were going to be.“二十年前的今晚，”那人说，“我和我最好的朋友吉米韦尔斯就在这里吃的饭。他可是个再好不过的家伙了。我俩在纽约这儿一起长大，好得像兄弟俩，那年我十八，他二十。第二天早上我就要动身去西部发财。唉，要想让吉米离开纽约可是比登天还难哪！在他眼里人世间就只有纽约这么一个地方。不过我俩那天晚上约定，二十年后的今日此刻，无论各自的境况如何，无论各自远在何方，都要在这里相聚。我们当时认为，二十年后，不管各自做什么，有什么样的命运，发多大
28、的财，一切都该成了定局。”close7RT It sounds pretty interesting, said the policeman. Havent you heard from your friend Jimmy since you left?“听起来还真有意思，”警察说道。“那你离开后就再没有你朋友吉米的消息了？”close8RT Well, yes, for a time we corresponded, said the other. But after a year or two we lost track of each other. You see, the West i
29、s pretty big and wild, and I kept hustling (急速行进) around over it pretty lively. But I know Jimmy will meet me here if hes alive, for he always was the truest old chap in the world. Hell never forget. I came a thousand miles to stand in this door tonight, and its worth it if my old partner turns up.
30、He will keep his promise.“不，我们通过一阵子信，”那人答道，“可一两年后就断了音信。要知道，西部幅员辽阔，荒蛮原始，我又一直四处奔波，东跑西颠。不过，我确信，吉米只要活着，他会来见我的。他是这世界上我最信得过的人。他绝对不会忘记。我千里迢迢来到这儿就是为了今晚站在这门口，只要我那老伙计露面，我也就不虚此行了。他是不会食言的。”close9RT The waiting man pulled out a handsome watch, the lids of it set with small diamonds.那守候的人掏出一只精致的怀表，表盖上缀满了小粒钻石。clos
31、e10RT Three minutes to ten, he announced. It was exactly ten oclock when we parted here at the restaurant door.“九点五十七分，”他说道，“我们是十点整在饭店门口的这个地方挥手告别的。”close11RT You did pretty well out West, didnt you? asked the policeman.“在西部混得不错吧？”警察问道。close12RT You bet! I hope Jimmy has done half as well.“那还用说！吉米干得有
32、我一半好就不错了。”close13RT The policeman twirled his club and took a step or two.警察转了转警棍，迈出了一两步。close14RT Ill be on my way. Hope your friend comes around on time.“我走了，但愿你的朋友会按时赴约。”close15RT Ill wait for half an hour at least, said the man. If Jimmy is alive on earth hell be here by that time. So long, officer.“我至少会等他半个小时，”那人说，“吉米要是还活着，他会在我走之前来的。再见，警官。”close16RT Good-night, sir, said the policeman, passing on along his beat, checking up on the doors as he went.“晚安，先生，”警察说完，又继续巡逻，边走边检查店门。close17RT There was now a fine, cold drizzle (细雨) falling, and the wind
